smjournalСпортивная медицина: наука и практикаSports medicine: research and practice2223-25242587-9014NEICON10.47529/2223-2524.2022.1.5smjournal-386Research ArticleОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ МЕДИЦИНЫ СПОРТАORGANIZATION OF TRAINING PROCESSНекоторые аспекты влияния экстремальных климатических факторов на физическую работоспособность спортсменовSome aspects of the influence of extreme climatic factors on the physical performance of athleteshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1237-5147КобельковаИ. В.KobelkovaI. V.

Кобелькова Ирина Витальевна, к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории спортивной антропологии и нутрициологии ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»

109240, Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14+7 (910) 406-40-31

Irina V. Kobelkova, MD, PhD, Senior Researcher of Sports Anthropology and Nutrition Laboratory, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology

 2/14 bldg. 1, Ustyinsky side str., Moscow, 109240+7 (910) 406-40-31

irinavit66@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-648XКоростелеваМ. М.KorostelevaM. M.

Коростелева Маргарита Михайловна, к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории спортивной антропологии и нутрициологии ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»; доцент кафедры управления сестринской деятельностью ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»

109240, Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6+7 (985) 567-78-22

Margarita M. Korosteleva, Ph. D., interim Senior Researcher of Sports Anthropology and Nutrition Laboratory, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology; Associate Professor, Department of Nursing Management of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia

6, Miklukho-Maclay str., Moscow, 117198 2/14 bldg. 1, Ustyinsky side street, Moscow, 109240+7 (985) 567-78-22

korostel@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-1222НикитюкД. Б.NikityukD. B.

Никитюк Дмитрий Борисович, д. м. н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»

109240, Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14+7 (495) 698-53-46

Dmitry B. Nikityuk, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Prof., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology

2/14 bldg. 1, Ustyinsky side str., Moscow, 109240+7 (495) 698-53-46

nikitjuk@ion.ruФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии»; Академия постдипломного образования ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр» ФМБА РоссииРоссияFederal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology; Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of FMBA of RussiaRussian FederationФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»РоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of RussiaRussian FederationФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии»РоссияFederal Research Center of Nutrition and BiotechnologyRussian Federation2022300420221212536Copyright © Кобелькова И.В., Коростелева М.М., Никитюк Д.Б., 20222022Кобелькова И.В., Коростелева М.М., Никитюк Д.Б.Kobelkova I.V., Korosteleva M.M., Nikityuk D.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.smjournal.ru/jour/article/view/386

Профессиональным спортсменам часто приходится участвовать в соревнованиях в климатических условиях, отличающихся от оптимальных или привычных для их места проживания. В связи с этим представляется актуальным вопрос о том, как пограничные и экстремальные внешние условия (низкие и высокие температуры окружающей среды, изменения атмосферного давления, высота над уровнем моря) влияют на спортивную производительность и выносливость. В обзоре представлены биохимические механизмы, лежащие в основе адаптации спортсменов к условиям окружающей среды. Человеческий организм поддерживает достаточно постоянную внутреннюю температуру (в некоторых статьях — ядра) тела на уровне 37 ± 1 ºС на протяжении всей своей жизни, несмотря на широкий диапазон параметров окружающей среды. Интенсивность процессов, обеспечивающих выделение тепла, регулируется рефлекторно. Нейроны, отвечающие за тепловой обмен, расположены в центре терморегуляции гипоталамуса. В ходе эволюции млекопитающие выработали разнообразные механизмы регуляции температуры тела, включая нервную и гуморальную, влияющие на энергетический обмен и поведенческие реакции. Выделяют два способа теплообразования: сократительный термогенез, обусловленный сокращениями скелетной мускулатуры (частный случай — холодовая мышечная дрожь), и несократительный — когда активизируются процессы клеточного метаболизма: липолиз (в частности, бурой жировой ткани) и гликолиз. При воздействии экстремальных температур окружающей среды терморегуляторная система приспосабливается к поддержанию стабильной внутренней температуры тела путем предотвращения потери тепла и увеличения теплопродукции в холодных условиях, или повышением теплоотдачи, если температура окружающей среды увеличивается. Температура окружающей среды, соответствующая 20–25 ºС на суше и 30–35 ºС в воде, считается термонейтральной для человека в состоянии относительного покоя. Однако любые отклонения от этих условий, особенно на фоне интенсивных физических упражнений, могут приводить к функциональному перенапряжению, снижению выносливости и спортивной производительности.

Professional athletes often have to participate in competitions in climatic conditions that differ from the optimal or habitual ones for their place of residence. In this regard, it seems relevant to the question of how borderline and extreme external conditions (low and high ambient temperatures, changes in atmospheric pressure, altitude) affect sports performance and endurance. The review presents the biochemical mechanisms underlying the adaptation of athletes to environmental conditions. The human body maintains a fairly constant internal temperature (in some articles — the core) of the body at a level of 37 ± 10C throughout its life, despite a wide range of environmental parameters. The intensity of the processes providing for the release of heat is reflexively regulated. The neurons responsible for heat exchange are located in the center of thermoregulation of the hypothalamus. In the course of evolution, mammals have developed a variety of mechanisms for regulating body temperature, including nervous and humoral, that affect energy metabolism and behavioral responses. There are two ways of heat generation: contractile thermogenesis, due to contractions of skeletal muscles (a special case — cold muscle tremors), and non-contractile — when the processes of cellular metabolism are activated: lipolysis (in particular, brown adipose tissue) and glycolysis. When exposed to extreme ambient temperatures, the thermoregulatory system adjusts to maintain a stable core body temperature by preventing heat loss and increasing heat production in cold conditions, or increasing heat dissipation if the ambient temperature rises. The ambient temperature corresponding to 20–25 ºС on land and 30–35 ºС in water is considered thermoneutral for humans in a state of relative rest. However, any deviations from these conditions, especially against the background of intense physical exercise, can lead to functional overstrain, decreased endurance and sports performance.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.