smjournalСпортивная медицина: наука и практикаSports medicine: research and practice2223-25242587-9014NEICON10.47529/2223-2524.2024.1.3smjournal-606Research ArticleФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И БИОХИМИЯ СПОРТАSPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRYОсобенности микробиома кишечника у спортсменов, занимающихся единоборствамиFeatures of the intestinal microbiome in athletes engaged in martial artshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7706ШестопаловА. В.ShestopalovA. V.

Шестопалов Александр Вячеславович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой биохимии и молекулярной биологии Института фармации и медицинской химии; заведующий лабораторией биохимии сигнальных систем

117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

Alexander V. Shestopalov, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Professor, Holder of the Department of biochemistry and molecular biology; Holder of the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Pathways

117997, Moscow, Ostrovityanova str., 

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

al-shest@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-9495-2616ФатхуллинР. Ф.FatkhullinR. F.

Фатхуллин Раиль Фэридович, ассистент кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии Института фармации и медицинской химии; научный сотрудник лаборатории биохимии сигнальных путей

117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

Rail F. Fatkhullin, Assistant of the Department of biochemistry and molecular biology; Researcher of the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Pathways

117997, Moscow, Ostrovityanova st., 1

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

rail.rail88@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5314-7012ГригорьеваТ. В.GrigorievaT. V.

Григорьева Татьяна Владимировна, к.б.н., научный сотрудник; ведущий научный сотрудник НИЛ «Генетика микроорганизмов» Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

420021, г. Казань, ул. Парижской Коммуны, 9

Tatiana V. Grigoryeva, Ph.D. (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Pathways; Leading Researcher of the Research Laboratory “Genetics of Microorganisms”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

420021, Kazan, str. Paris Commune, 18

tatabio@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-6855МартыкановаД. С.MartykanovaD. S.

Мартыканова Диляра Сафовна, к.б.н., доцент, доцент кафедры адаптивной физической культуры и безопасности жизнедеятельности, старший научный сотрудник НИИ физической культуры и спорта

420010, г. Казань, ул. Деревня Универсиады, 35

Dilyara S. Martykanova, Ph.D. (Biology), Assistant Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Adaptive Physical Culture and Life Safety, Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports

420010, Kazan, str. Universiade Village, 35

dilmart@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-1746ДавлетоваН. Х.DavletovaN. H.

Давлетова Наиля Ханифовна, к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры медико-биологических дисциплин; доцент кафедры общей гигиены ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России

420010, г. Казань, ул. Деревня Универсиады, 35

420012, г. Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 49

Nailya Сh. Davletova, M.D., Ph.D. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Medical and Biological Disciplines; Associate Professor of the Department of General Hygiene of the Kazan State Medical University

420010, Kazan, str. Universiade Village, 35

420012, Kazan, str. Butlerova, 49

davletova0681@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-0343КолесниковаИ. М.KolesnikovaI. M.

Колесникова Ирина Максимовна, к.б.н., преподаватель кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии Института фармации и медицинской химии; научный сотрудник лаборатории биохимии сигнальных путей

117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

Irina M. Kolesnikova, Ph.D. (Biology), Lecturer at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Institute of Pharmacy and Medical Chemistry; researcher at the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signaling Pathways

117997, Moscow, Ostrovityanova str., 1

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

ir.max.kolesnikova@gmail.comИвановаА. А.IvanovaA. A.

Иванова Анна Аркадьевна, д.м.н., проф., доцент кафедра онкологии, гематологии и лучевой терапии ПФ; научный сотрудник лаборатории биохимии сигнальных путей

117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

Anna A. Ivanova, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Radiation Therapy; Researcher, Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signaling Pathways

117997, Moscow, st. Ostrovityanova, 1

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

РумянцевС. А.RoumiantsevS. A.

Румянцев Сергей Александрович, член-корр. РАН, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой онкологии, гематологии и лучевой терапии педиатрического факультета; зам. директора

117997, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1

117292, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11

Sergey A. Roumiantsev, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Holder of the Department of oncology, haematology and radiation therapy; Deputy Director

117997, Moscow, Ostrovityanova str., 1

117292, Moscow, str. Dmitry Ulyanov, 11

s_roumiantsev@mail.ruФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Endocrinology; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and ImmunologyRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Endocrinology; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»РоссияN.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный университет физической культуры, спорта и туризма»РоссияVolga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and TourismRussian Federation2024030720241411424Copyright © Шестопалов А.В., Фатхуллин Р.Ф., Григорьева Т.В., Мартыканова Д.С., Давлетова Н.Х., Колесникова И.М., Иванова А.А., Румянцев С.А., 20242024Шестопалов А.В., Фатхуллин Р.Ф., Григорьева Т.В., Мартыканова Д.С., Давлетова Н.Х., Колесникова И.М., Иванова А.А., Румянцев С.А.Shestopalov A.V., Fatkhullin R.F., Grigorieva T.V., Martykanova D.S., Davletova N.H., Kolesnikova I.M., Ivanova A.A., Roumiantsev S.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.smjournal.ru/jour/article/view/606

Цель исследования: изучение особенностей кишечного микробиома у молодых мужчин, профессионально занимающихся единоборствами.Материалы и методы: в исследовании приняли участие 36 молодых мужчин в возрасте от 18 до 26 лет. У участников исследования проводили отбор образцов кала и затем из полученных образцов выделяли бактериальную ДНК.Результаты: сравнивая микробом кишечника спортсменов с контрольной группой, можно проследить положительное влияние занятий спортом на общее разнообразие представителей микробиоты кишечника. При анализе таксономического состава стоит отдельно отметить увеличение представителей лактат-продуцирующих бактерий и повышенное содержание Akkermansia muciniphila у спортсменов.Заключение: результаты исследования указывают на влияние спортивных тренировок на микробиоту кишечника человека и позволяют предположить наличие тесной двусторонней связи «микробиом — мышечная ткань».

The purpose of the study: the study of the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in young men who are professionally engaged in sports.Materials and methods: the study involved 36 young men aged 18 to 26 years. Fecal samples were taken from the study participants and then bacterial DNA was isolated from the obtained samples.Results: comparing the intestinal microbe of athletes with the control group, it is possible to trace the positive effect of sports on the overall diversity of representatives of the intestinal microbiota. When analyzing the taxonomic composition, it is worth separately noting the increase in representatives of lactate-producing bacteria and the increased content of Akkermansia muciniphila in athletes.Conclusions: the results of the study indicate the effects of sports training on the human gut microbiota and suggest the presence of a close two-way relationship “microbiome — muscle tissue”.

микробиомлактатпребиотикимуцинмышечные волокнаmicrobiomelactateprebioticsmucinmuscle fibersстатья подготовлена на основании результатов, полученных в ходе реализации Соглашения о предоставлении гранта в форме субсидии из федерального бюджета на осуществление государственной поддержки создания и развития научных центров мирового уровня, выполняющих исследования и разработки по приоритетам научно-технологического развития, от 20 апреля 2022 года (№ 075-15-2022-310).the article was prepared on the basis of the results obtained in the course of the implementation of the Agreement on granting grant in the form of a subsidy from the federal budget to provide state support for the creation and development of world-class scientific centers performing research and development on the priorities of scientific and technological development of April 20, 2022 world-class scientific centers that perform research and development on priorities of scientific and technological development dated April 20, 2022 (№ 075-15-2022-310).ReferencesHughes R.L., Holscher H.D. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv. Nutr. 2021;12(6):2190–2215. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab077Hughes R.L., Holscher H.D. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv. Nutr. 2021;12(6):2190–2215. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab077Gizard F., Fernandez A., De Vadder F. Interactions between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. Nutr. Metab. Insights. 2020;13:1178638820980490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178638820980490Gizard F., Fernandez A., De Vadder F. Interactions between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. Nutr. Metab. Insights. 2020;13:1178638820980490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178638820980490Donati Zeppa S., Agostini D., Gervasi M., Annibalini G., Amatori S., Ferrini F., et al. Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;12(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010017Donati Zeppa S., Agostini D., Gervasi M., Annibalini G., Amatori S., Ferrini F., et al. Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;12(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010017Castellanos N., Diez G.G., Antúnez-Almagro C., Bailén M., Bressa C., González Soltero R., et al. A critical mutualism-competition interplay underlies the loss of microbial diversity in sedentary lifestyle. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;10:3142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03142Castellanos N., Diez G.G., Antúnez-Almagro C., Bailén M., Bressa C., González Soltero R., et al. A critical mutualism-competition interplay underlies the loss of microbial diversity in sedentary lifestyle. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;10:3142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03142Завьялова А.Н., Новикова В.П., Игнатова П.Д. Ось «микробиота — мышцы». Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2022;(11):60–69. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-60-69Завьялова А.Н., Новикова В.П., Игнатова П.Д. Ось «микробиота — мышцы». Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2022;(11):60–69.Monda V., Villano I., Messina A., Valenzano A., Esposito T., Moscatelli F., et al. Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2017;2017:3831972. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3831972[Zavyalova A.N., Novikova V.P., Ignatova P.D. Axis "microbiota — muscles". Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2022;207(11):60–69. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-60-69Mailing L.J., Allen J.M., Buford T.W., Fields C.J. , Woods J.A. Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2019;47:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000183Monda V., Villano I., Messina A., Valenzano A., Esposito T., Moscatelli F., et al. Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2017;2017:3831972. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3831972Gallè F., Valeriani F., Cattaruzza M.S., Ubaldi F., Romano S.V., Liguori G. Exploring the association between physical activity and gut microbiota composition: A review of current evidence. Ann. Ig. 2019;31(6):582–589. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2019.2318Mailing L.J., Allen J.M., Buford T.W., Fields C.J. , Woods J.A. Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2019;47:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000183Przewłócka K., Folwarski M., Kaźmierczak S., Iedlecka K., Skonieczna-Żydecka K., Kaczor J.J. Gut-M AxisExists and May Affect Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Training. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051451Gallè F., Valeriani F., Cattaruzza M.S., Ubaldi F., Romano S.V., Liguori G. Exploring the association between physical activity and gut microbiota composition: A review of current evidence. Ann. Ig. 2019;31(6):582–589. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2019.2318Cerdá B., Pérez M., Pérez-Santiago J.D., Tornero-Aguilera J.F., González-Soltero R., Larrosa M. Gut Microbiota Modification: Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Benefits of Physical Exercise in Health? Front. Physiol. 2016;7:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00051Przewłócka K., Folwarski M., Kaźmierczak S., Iedlecka K., Skonieczna-Żydecka K., Kaczor J.J. Gut-M AxisExists and May Aff ect Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Training. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051451Mitchell C.M., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Neilson A.P., Bennett B.J., Davy K.P. Does Exercise Alter Gut Microbial Composition? A Systematic Review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2019;51(1):160–167. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001760Cerdá B., Pérez M., Pérez-Santiago J.D., Tornero-Aguilera J.F., González-Soltero R., Larrosa M. Gut Microbiota Modification: Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Benefits of Physical Exercise in Health? Front. Physiol. 2016;7:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00051Carey R.A., Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: Short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2021;7(2):e000930. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000930Mitchell C.M., Davy B.M., Hulver M.W., Neilson A.P., Bennett B.J., Davy K.P. Does Exercise Alter Gut Microbial Composition? A Systematic Review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2019;51(1):160–167. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001760Ribeiro F.M., Lopes G., da Cunha Nascimento D., Pires L., Mulder A.P., Franco O.L., Petriz B. An overview of the level of dietary support in the gut microbiota at different stages of life: A systematic review. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 2021;42:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.024Carey R.A., Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: Short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2021;7(2):e000930. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000930Mariat D., Firmesse O., Levenez F., Guimaruaes V.D., Sokol H., Dore J., Corthier G., Furet J.P. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-123Ribeiro F.M., Lopes G., da Cunha Nascimento D., Pires L., Mulder A.P., Franco O.L., Petriz B. An overview of the level of dietary support in the gut microbiota at different stages of life: A systematic review. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 2021;42:41–52. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.024Solter P.F., Beasley V.R. Phycotoxins. In: Haschek W.M., Rousseaux C.G., Wallig M.A., eds. Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2013, p. 1155–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415759-0.00038-8Mariat D., Firmesse O., Levenez F., Guimaruaes V.D., Sokol H., Dore J., Corthier G., Furet J.P. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-123Méheust R., Castelle С., Carnevali P. Groundwater Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have a novel nitrogenase paralog. The ISME Journal. 2020;14(12):2907–2922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0716-1Solter P.F., Beasley V.R. Phycotoxins. In: Haschek W.M., Rousseaux C.G., Wallig M.A., eds. Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2013, p. 1155–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415759-0.00038-8Fukuchi M., Sugita M., Banjo M., Yonekura K., Sasuga Y. The impact of a competitive event and the efficacy of a lactic acid bacteria-fermented soymilk extract on the gut microbiota and urinary metabolites of endurance athletes: An open-label pilot study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262906Méheust R., Castelle С., Carnevali P. Groundwater Elusimicrobia are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome Elusimicrobia and some have a novel nitrogenase paralog. The ISME Journal. 2020;14(12):2907–2922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0716-1Bressa C., Bailén-Andrino M., Pérez-Santiago J., González-Soltero R., Pérez M., Montalvo-Lominchar M.G., et al. Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0171352. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171352Fukuchi M., Sugita M., Banjo M., Yonekura K., Sasuga Y. The impact of a competitive event and the efficacy of a lactic acid bacteria-fermented soymilk extract on the gut microbiota and urinary metabolites of endurance athletes: An open-label pilot study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262906McKenna C.F., Salvador A.F., Hughes R.L., Scaroni S.E., Alamilla R.A,. Askow A.T., et al. Higher protein intake during resistance training does not potentiate strength, but modulates gut microbiota, in middle-aged adults: a randomized control trial. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021;320(5):e900–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2020Bressa C., Bailén-Andrino M., Pérez-Santiago J., González-Soltero R., Pérez M., Montalvo-Lominchar M.G., et al. Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0171352. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171352Clark A., Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gutmicrobiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016;13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6McKenna C.F., Salvador A.F., Hughes R.L., Scaroni S.E., Alamilla R.A,. Askow A.T., et al. Higher protein intake during resistance training does not potentiate strength, but modulates gut microbiota, in middle-aged adults: a randomized control trial. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021;320(5):e900–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2020Aya V., Flórez A., Perez L., Ramírez J.D. Association between physical activity and changes in intestinal microbiota composition: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0247039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247039Clark A., Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gutmicrobiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016;13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6Красникова Л.В., Гунькова П.И., Маркелова В.В. Микробиология молока и молочных продуктов: Лабораторный практикум. СПб.: НИУ ИТМО; 2013.Aya V., Flórez A., Perez L., Ramírez J.D. Association between physical activity and changes in intestinal microbiota composition: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0247039. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0247039Meisel H., Bockelmann W. Bioactive peptides encrypted in milk proteins: proteolytic activation and thropho-functional properties. In: Konings W.N., Kuipers O.P., In ’t Veld J.H.J.H., eds. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht; 1999, p. 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2027-4_10Красникова Л.В., Гунькова П.И., Маркелова В.В. Микробиология молока и молочных продуктов: Лабораторный практикум. СПб.: НИУ ИТМО; 2013. [Krasnikova V., Gunkova P.I., Markelova V.V. Microbiology of milk and dairy products: Laboratory workshop. St. Petersburg: ITMO Research Institute; 2013 (In Russ.)].Dong W., Wang Y., Liao S., Lai M., Peng L., Song G. Reduction in the Choking Phenomenon in Elite Diving Athletes Through Changes in Gut Microbiota Induced by Yogurt Containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12: A Quasi Experimental Study. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040597Meisel H., Bockelmann W. Bioactive peptides encrypted in milk proteins: proteolytic activation and thropho-functional properties. In: Konings W.N., Kuipers O.P., In ’t Veld J.H.J.H., eds. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht; 1999, p. 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2027-4_10Dohnalová L., Lundgren P., Carty J.R.E., Goldstein N., Wenski S.L., Nanudorn P., et al. A microbiome-dependent gut– brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise. Nature. 2022;612 (7941):739–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05525-zDong W., Wang Y., Liao S., Lai M., Peng L., Song G. Reduction in the Choking Phenomenon in Elite Diving Athletes Through Changes in Gut Microbiota Induced by Yogurt Containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12: A Quasi Experimental Study. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040597Siebers M., Biedermann S., Fuss J. Do Endocannabinoids Cause the Runner’s High? Evidence and Open Questions. Neuroscientist. 2023;29(3):352–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211069981Dohnalová L., Lundgren P., Carty J.R.E., Goldstein N., Wenski S.L., Nanudorn P., et al. A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise. Nature. 2022;612 (7941):739–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05525-zNotting F., Pirovano W., Sybesma W., Kort R. The butyrate-producing and spore-forming bacterial genus Coprococcus as a potential biomarker for neurological disorders. Gut Microbiome. 2023;4:e16. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmb.2023.14Siebers M., Biedermann S., Fuss J. Do Endocannabinoids Cause the Runner’s High? Evidence and Open Questions. Neuroscientist. 2023;29(3):352–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584211069981Mukherjee A., Lordan C., Ross R.P., Cotter P.D. Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1802866. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1802866Notting F., Pirovano W., Sybesma W., Kort R. The butyrate-producing and spore-forming bacterial genus Coprococcus as a potential biomarker for neurological disorders. Gut Microbiome. 2023;4:e16. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmb.2023.14Doden H.L., Wolf P.G., Gaskins H.R., Anantharaman K., Alves J.M.P., Ridlon J.M. Completion of the gut microbial epi-bile acid pathway. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1907271Mukherjee A., Lordan C., Ross R.P., Cotter P.D. Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1802866. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1802866Qin P., Zou Y., Dai Y., Luo G., Zhang X., Xiao L. Characterization a Novel Butyric Acid-Producing Bacterium Collinsellaaerofaciens Subsp. Shenzhenensis Subsp. Nov. Microorganisms. 2019;7(3):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030078Doden H.L., Wolf P.G., Gaskins H.R., Anantharaman K., Alves J.M.P., Ridlon J.M. Completion of the gut microbial epi-bile acid pathway. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1907271Patrice D., Willem M. Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:1765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01765Qin P., Zou Y., Dai Y., Luo G., Zhang X., Xiao L. Characterization a Novel Butyric Acid-Producing Bacterium Collinsellaaerofaciens Subsp. Shenzhenensis Subsp. Nov. Microorganisms. 2019;7(3):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030078Ottman N., Geerlings S.Y., Aalvink S., de Vos W.M., Belzer C. Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in microbiome ecology, health and disease. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2017;31(6):637–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.001Patrice D., Willem M. Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:1765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01765Morita H., Kano C., Ishii C., Kagata N., Ishikawa T., Hirayama A., et al. Bacteroides uniformis and its preferred substrate, α-cyclodextrin, enhance endurance exercise performance in mice and human males. Sci Adv. 2023;9(4):eadd2120. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add2120Ottman N., Geerlings S.Y., Aalvink S., de Vos W.M., Belzer C. Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in microbiome ecology, health and disease. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2017;31(6):637–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.001Pei T., Zhu D., Yang S., Hu R., Wang F., Zhang J., et al. Bacteroides plebeius improves muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease by modulating the gut-renal muscle axis. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2022;26(24):6066–6078. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17626Morita H., Kano C., Ishii C., Kagata N., Ishikawa T., Hirayama A., et al. Bacteroides uniformis and its preferred substrate, α-cyclodextrin, enhance endurance exercise performance in mice and human males. Sci Adv. 2023;9(4):eadd2120. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add2120Needleman I., Klein B., Hendrickson J., Davrandi M., Gallagher J., Ashley P., Spratt D. Microbiome analysis in elite sport. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021;55(S1):A132. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.316Pei T., Zhu D., Yang S., Hu R., Wang F., Zhang J., et al. Bacteroides plebeius improves muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease by modulating the gut-renal muscle axis. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2022;26(24):6066–6078. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17626Whisner C.M., Maldonado J., Dente B., Krajmalnik-Brown R., Bruening M. Diet, physical activity and screen time but not body mass index are associated with the gut microbiome of a diverse cohort of college students living in university housing: A cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1362-xNeedleman I., Klein B., Hendrickson J., Davrandi M., Gallagher J., Ashley P., Spratt D. Microbiome analysis in elite sport. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021;55(S1):A132. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-ioc.316Dupuit M., Rance M., Morel C., Bouillon P., Boscaro A., Martin V., et al. Effect of concurrent training on body composition and gut microbiota in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2022;54(3):517–529. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002809Whisner C.M., Maldonado J., Dente B., Krajmalnik-Brown R., Bruening M. Diet, physical activity and screen time but not body mass index are associated with the gut microbiome of a diverse cohort of college students living in university housing: A cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1362-xClark A., Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016;13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6Dupuit M., Rance M., Morel C., Bouillon P., Boscaro A., Martin V., et al. Effect of concurrent training on body composition and gut microbiota in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2022;54(3):517–529. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002809Zhu Q., Jiang S., Du G. Effects of exercise frequency on the gut microbiota in elderly individuals. 2020;9(8):e1053. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1053Clark A., Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gutmicrobiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016;13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6Wang Z., Chen K., Wu C., Chen J., Pan H., Liu Y., et al. An emerging role of Prevotella histicola on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss through the gut microbiota-bone axis in postmenopausal women and in ovariectomized mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021;114(4):1304–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab194Zhu Q., Jiang S., Du G. Effects of exercise frequency on the gut microbiota in elderly individuals. 2020;9(8):e1053. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1053Aya V., Jimenez P., Muñoz E., Ramírez J.D. Effects of exercise and physical activity on gut microbiota composition and function in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04066-yWang Z., Chen K., Wu C., Chen J., Pan H., Liu Y., et al. An emerging role of Prevotella histicola on estrogen deficiencyinduced bone loss through the gut microbiota-bone axis in postmenopausal women and in ovariectomized mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021;114(4):1304–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab194Li G., Jin B., Fan Z. Mechanisms Involved in Gut Microbiota Regulation of Skeletal Muscle. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022;2022:2151191. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2151191Aya V., Jimenez P., Muñoz E., Ramírez J.D. Effects of exercise and physical activity on gut microbiota composition and function in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04066-yLi G., Jin B., Fan Z. Mechanisms Involved in Gut Microbiota Regulation of Skeletal Muscle. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022;2022:2151191. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2151191Li G., Jin B., Fan Z. Mechanisms Involved in Gut Microbiota Regulation of Skeletal Muscle. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022;2022:2151191. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2151191

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.