smjournalСпортивная медицина: наука и практикаSports medicine: research and practice2223-25242587-9014NEICON10.47529/2223-2524.2024.2.5smjournal-628Research ArticleФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И БИОХИМИЯ СПОРТАSPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRYЭффекты интервальных гипоксических экспозиций и интервальных гипоксических тренировок на переносимость физических нагрузок (нарративный обзор)Effects of intermittent hypoxia exposures and interval hypoxic training on exercise tolerance (narrative review)БурчерЙ.BurtscherJ.

Бурчер Йоханнес, Институт спортивных наук

ул. Батимент Синатлон СР-1015, Лозанна, Швейцария 

Burtscher Johannes, Institute of Sport Sciences

Batiment Synathlon, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

johannes.burtscher@unil.chhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9960-6608ГлазачевО. С.GlazachevO. S.

Глазачев Олег Станиславович, д.м.н., профессор кафедры нормальной физиологии

Scopus ID 6603205182

Москва 119048, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2.

Oleg S. Glazachev, Professor, Department of Normal Physiology

Trubetskaya Str. 8, bld.2, Moscow 119048, Russia

glazachev@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-387XКоппМ.KoppM.

Копп Мартин, профессор, кафедра спортивных наук

ул. Ферстенвег 1856, A-6020, Инсбрук, Австрия

Kopp Martin, PhD, Professor, Department of Sport Sciences

Fürstenweg 1856, А-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

martin.burtscher@uibk.ac.athttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-3632БурчерМ.BurtscherM.

Бурчер Мартин, профессор, кафедра спортивных наук

ул. Ферстенвег 1856, A-6020, Инсбрук, Австрия 

Burtscher Martin, PhD, Professor, Department of Sport Sciences

Fürstenweg 1856, А-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

johannes.burtscher@unil.chУниверситет ЛозанныШвейцарияUniversity of LausanneSwitzerlandФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияFirst Moscow Sechenov Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian FederationУниверситет ИнсбрукаАвстрияInnsbruck UniversityAustria2024221120241421623Copyright © Бурчер Й., Глазачев О.С., Копп М., Бурчер М., 20242024Бурчер Й., Глазачев О.С., Копп М., Бурчер М.Burtscher J., Glazachev O.S., Kopp M., Burtscher M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.smjournal.ru/jour/article/view/628

Способность успешно выполнять повторяющиеся субмаксимальные физические нагрузки/упражнения с определенной интенсивностью (переносимость физических нагрузок) позволяет прогнозировать выносливость спортсменов, а также качество жизни и способность выполнять повседневные действия у пожилых людей и пациентов, страдающих хроническими заболеваниями. Повышение переносимости физических нагрузок после серии спортивных тренировок хорошо известно, однако эти эффекты могут потенцироваться при параллельной адаптации к другим стимулам, например повторным воздействиям реального или моделируемого среднегорья. Адаптивные реакции (т. е. благотворно влияющие на переносимость физических нагрузок) зависят от типа и степени гипоксических стимулов, в частности, применяются они во время физических нагрузок (интервальная гипоксическая тренировка, ИГТ) или в состоянии покоя (интервальные гипоксические экспозиции, ИГЭ).

В кратком обзоре обобщены доказательства, показывающие, что ИГТ, по-видимому, вызывает более выраженные эффекты на переносимость физических нагрузок, чем ИГЭ. Наиболее значимые эффекты адаптации к ИГТ в первую очередь провоцируются в рабочих скелетных мышцах, кроме того, небольшие эффекты ИГЭ могут включать улучшение автономных регуляторных процессов, эндотелиальной функции, кардиопротекцию и повышение мощности антиоксидантных механизмов, большинство из которых, вероятно, могут быть потенцированы применением гипоксических экспозиций в сочетании с физическими нагрузками (ИГТ). В то время как ИГЭ, по-видимому, особенно подходит для малоподвижных и пожилых людей или тех, кто страдает хроническими неинфекционными заболеваниями. Курсы ИГТ являются доказанно более эффективными для молодых тренированных людей, квалифицированных атлетов. Таким образом, процедуры ИГЭ рекомендуются для начала или вовлечения в занятия физическими упражнениями для людей с низкой переносимостью физических нагрузок. В дальнейшем их тренировочный режим может дополняться тренировками в нормоксии и, наконец, собственно процедурами ИГТ.

The ability to perform steady-state submaximal exercise at a certain intensity (exercise tolerance) predicts endurance performance in athletes, but also the quality of life and the capability to perform daily living activities in older people and patients suffering from chronic diseases. Improvements in exercise tolerance following exercise training are well established but may also occur or be enhanced as a consequence of adaptations to other stimuli, e.g., repeated exposures to real or simulated altitude. Adaptive responses (i.e., beneficially impacting exercise tolerance) depend on the type and extent of hypoxia stimuli, in particular, whether they are applied during exercise (intermittent hypoxia training, IHT) or at rest (intermittent hypoxia exposure, IHE).

This brief review summarizes the evidence showing that IHT seems to elicit more pronounced effects on exercise tolerance than IHE. The most relevant adaptations to IHT are primarily provoked within the working skeletal muscles, whereas the rather small effects of IHE may include improved autonomic regulatory processes, endothelial function, cardioprotection, and increasing antioxidant capacity, all of which can probably be enhanced by combination with exercise (IHT). While IHE seems particularly suited for sedentary and elderly people or those suffering from chronic diseases, IHT will be more appropriate for young and already trained people. Thus, IHE is recommended for those with low exercise tolerance and can be followed up with exercise training in normoxia and finally with IHT.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.