smjournalСпортивная медицина: наука и практикаSports medicine: research and practice2223-25242587-9014NEICON10.47529/2223-2524.2024.3.7smjournal-646Research ArticleСПОРТИВНОЕ ПИТАНИЕSPORTS SUPPLEMENTSЭффект однократного применения высоких доз кофеина на время зрительной реакции юных элитных футболистов в покое и на фоне физической нагрузки разной интенсивностиThe effect of a single high dose of caffeine on the visual reaction time of young elite soccer players at rest and during varying intensities of physical activityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-4899-4940ВахидовТ. М.VakhidovT. M.

Вахидов Тимур Маратович, лаборант

125252, Москва, 3-я Песчаная ул., 2а, стр. 2

Timur M. Vakhidov, laboratory assistant

2A building 2, 3rd Peschanaya str., Moscow, 125252

vakhidov_t_m@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-5949КапраловаЕ. С.KapralovaE. S.

Капралова Елизавета Сергеевна, ассистент кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 9

Elizaveta S. Kapralova, Assistant of Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation

2A building 2, 3rd Peschanaya str., Moscow, 125252

kapralova_e_s@staff.sechenov.ruМалякинГ. И.MalyakinG. I.

Малякин Георгий Ильич, младший научный сотрудник

125252, Москва, 3-я Песчаная ул., 2а, стр. 2

Georgiy I. Malyakin, junior Researcher

2A building 2, 3rd Peschanaya str., Moscow, 125252

malyakin_g_i@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-5718КоролеваЕ. Д.KorolevaE. D.

Королева Егана Джахангировна, младший научный сотрудник

125252, Москва, 3-я Песчаная ул., 2а, стр. 2

Egana D. Koroleva, junior Researcher

2A building 2, 3rd Peschanaya str., Moscow, 125252

Egana.murtuzova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2315БарановаД. С.BaranovaD. S.

Баранова Дарья Сергеевна, студент 5-го курса

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 9

Daria S. Baranova, student

2 building 9, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str., Moscow, 119435

dasha-baranova@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-0506БезугловЭ. Н.BezuglovE. N.

Безуглов Эдуард Николаевич, канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского; руководитель лаборатории спорта высших достижений

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 9;

125252, Москва, 3-я Песчаная ул., 2а, стр. 2

Eduard N. Bezuglov, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor of Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation; head of High Performance Sports Laboratory

2A building 2, 3rd Peschanaya str., Moscow, 125252

bezuglov_e_n@staff.sechenov.ruЛаборатория спорта высших достижений, ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияHigh Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityRussian FederationИнститут клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияHigh Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityRussian Federation2024221120241433545Copyright © Вахидов Т.М., Капралова Е.С., Малякин Г.И., Королева Е.Д., Баранова Д.С., Безуглов Э.Н., 20252025Вахидов Т.М., Капралова Е.С., Малякин Г.И., Королева Е.Д., Баранова Д.С., Безуглов Э.Н.Vakhidov T.M., Kapralova E.S., Malyakin G.I., Koroleva E.D., Baranova D.S., Bezuglov E.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.smjournal.ru/jour/article/view/646Цель исследования

Цель исследования: изучить влияние однократного применения высокой дозы кофеина на время зрительной реакции (ВЗР) у юных элитных футболистов в покое, а также на фоне физической нагрузки разной интенсивности.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы: В двойном слепом плацебо-контролируемо рандомизированном исследовании со сбалансированным дизайном приняли участие 54 футболиста одной из ведущей российской футбольной академии в возрасте от 15 до 17 лет (n = 54, возраст — 15,9 ± 0,8 года, рост — 180 ± 8,3 см, масса — 69,5 ± 8,8 кг, ИМТ — 21,4 ± 1,4 кг/м2). Все участники после стандартизированной разминки выполнили батарею тестов, включающую спринт 30 метров, прыжок с противодвижением, бег со сменой направления, Т-тест, дриблинг, а также тест на способность к повторным спринтам. За 60 минут до измерения ВЗР все участники получили кофеин в дозе 400 мг, представленный как кофеин или плацебо, либо плацебо, представленное как плацебо или кофеин. ВЗР была измерена четыре раза: до применения кофеина, через 60 минут после его применения (перед разминкой), после разминки и после окончания последнего теста.

Результаты

Результаты: Не было обнаружено значимого влияния кофеина на ВЗР после его применения ни в одной из групп (p > 0,05). При анализе изменений времени зрительной реакции в течение всего процесса тестирования, начиная с измерения перед разминкой заканчивая измерением после его окончания, значимой разницы ни в одной из групп обнаружено не было (p > 0,01).

Заключение

Заключение: Однократное пероральное употребление кофеина в дозе 400 мг и убеждение в том, что он употребляется, не влияют на время зрительной реакции у юных элитных футболистов ни в покое, ни после окончания физической нагрузки максимальной интенсивности.

Aim

Aim: To examine the effect of a single high dose of caffeine on visual reaction time (VRT) in young elite soccer players at rest and under different intensity physical exercise conditions.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study with a balanced design, 54 soccer players from one of the leading Russian soccer academies, aged 15 to 17 years (n = 54, age — 15.9 ± 0.8 years, height — 180 ± 8.3 cm, weight — 69.5 ± 8.8 kg, BMI — 21.4 ± 1.4 kg/m²), participated. After a standardized warm-up, all participants completed a battery of tests, including a 30-meter sprint, countermovement jump, change-of-direction running, T-test, dribbling, and repeated sprint ability test.

Sixty minutes before VRT measurement, all participants received either 400 mg of caffeine, presented as caffeine or placebo, or placebo, presented as placebo or caffeine. VRT was measured four times: before caffeine intake, 60 minutes after intake (before warm-up), after the warm-up, and after completing the last test.

Results

Results: No significant effect of caffeine on VRT was found after its administration in any of the groups (p > 0.05). When analyzing the changes in VRT throughout the testing process, from measurements taken before the warm-up to those taken after its completion, no significant differences were observed in any of the groups (p > 0.01).

Conclusion

Conclusion: A single oral intake of 400 mg of caffeine, and the belief that it was consumed, does not affect visual reaction time in young elite soccer players either at rest or after maximal intensity physical exercise.

кофеинвремя зрительной реакцииюные атлетыфутболcaffeinevisual reaction timeyoung athletessoccerReferencesGuest N.S., VanDusseldorp T.A., Nelson M.T., Grgic J., Schoenfeld B.J., Jenkins N.D., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-02000383-4Guest N.S., VanDusseldorp T.A., Nelson M.T., Grgic J., Schoenfeld B.J., Jenkins N.D., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-02000383-4Королева Е.Д., Бутовский М.С., Малякин Г.И., Лазарев А.М., Телышев Д.В., Вахидов Т.М. Распространенность употребления алкоголя и предтренировочного кофеина и их влияние на травматизм и нарушения сна среди элитных молодых футболистов. Спортивная медицина: наука и практика. 2023;13(2):5–12. https://doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2023.2.4Koroleva E.D., Butovskiy M.S., Malyakin G.I., Lazarev A.M., Telyshev D.V., Vakhidov T.M. The prevalence of alcohol and pre-workout caffeine consumption and their effect on injuries and sleep disorders in young elite soccer players. Sports medicine: research and practice. 2023;13(2):5–12. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2023.2.4Chester N., Wojek N. Caffeine consumption amongst British athletes following changes to the 2004 WADA prohibited list. Int. J. Sports Med. 2008;29(06):524–528. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989231Chester N., Wojek N. Caffeine consumption amongst British athletes following changes to the 2004 WADA prohibited list. Int. J. Sports Med. 2008;29(06):524–528. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989231Grgic J., Trexler E.T., Lazinica B., Pedisic Z. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0Grgic J., Trexler E.T., Lazinica B., Pedisic Z. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0Southward K., Rutherfurd-Markwick K.J., Ali A. The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta–analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(8):1913–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8Southward K., Rutherfurd-Markwick K.J., Ali A. The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta–analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(8):1913–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8Chtourou H., Trabelsi K., Ammar A., Shephard R.J., Bragazzi N.L. Acute effects of an “Energy drink” on short-term maximal performance, reaction times, psychological and physiological parameters: insights from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):992. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050992Chtourou H., Trabelsi K., Ammar A., Shephard R.J., Bragazzi N.L. Acute effects of an “Energy drink” on short-term maximal performance, reaction times, psychological and physiological parameters: insights from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):992. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050992Hoffman J.R., Kang J., Ratamess N.A., Hoffman M.W., Tranchina C.P., Faigenbaum A.D. Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2009;6(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-2Hoffman J.R., Kang J., Ratamess N.A., Hoffman M.W., Tranchina C.P., Faigenbaum A.D. Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2009;6(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-2Lieberman H.R., Tharion W.J., Shukitt-Hale B., Speckman K.L., Tulley R. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training. Psychopharmacology. 2002;164(3):250–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9Lieberman H.R., Tharion W.J., Shukitt-Hale B., Speckman K.L., Tulley R. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training. Psychopharmacology. 2002;164(3):250–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9Müller S., Gabbett T., McNeil D. Reducing injury risk and improving skill: How a psycho-perceptual-motor approach can benefit high-performance sport. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2023;15(3):315–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231156437Müller S., Gabbett T., McNeil D. Reducing injury risk and improving skill: How a psycho-perceptual-motor approach can benefit high-performance sport. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2023;15(3):315–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231156437Дулова Е.И., Решетова А.А., Иголкина А.Е., Кравчук Д.А., Митин И.Н., Назаров К.С., Жолинский А.В. Психофизиологические и психологические особенности волейболисток-юниоров высокой квалификации. Спортивная медицина: наука и практика. 2020;10(1):76–84. https://doi.org/10.17238/ISSN2223-2524.2020.1.76Dulova E.I., Reshetova A.A., Igolkina A.E., Kravchuk D.A., Mitin I.N., Nazarov K.S., Zholinskiy A.V. Psychophysiological and psychological features of elite young volleyball players. Sports medicine: research and practice. 2020;10(1):76–84. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/ISSN2223-2524.2020.1.76Nascimento H., Martinez-Perez C., Alvarez-Peregrina C., Sánchez-Tena M.Á. Citations network analysis of vision and sport. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(20):7574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207574Nascimento H., Martinez-Perez C., Alvarez-Peregrina C., Sánchez-Tena M.Á. Citations network analysis of vision and sport. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(20):7574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207574Vater C., Wolfe B., Rosenholtz R. Peripheral vision in real-world tasks: A systematic review. Psychon. Bul. Rev. 2022;29(5):1531–1557. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02117-wVater C., Wolfe B., Rosenholtz R. Peripheral vision in real-world tasks: A systematic review. Psychon. Bul. Rev. 2022;29(5):1531–1557. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02117-wPresta V., Vitale C., Ambrosini L., Gobbi G. Stereopsis in sports: visual skills and visuomotor integration models in professional and non-professional athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(21):11281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111281Presta V., Vitale C., Ambrosini L., Gobbi G. Stereopsis in sports: visual skills and visuomotor integration models in professional and non-professional athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(21):11281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111281Медведев И.В., Гусаков М.В., Борисова М.У., Бланкова Т.И., Медведева Н.И., Дергачёва Н.Н. Влияние зрительных функций на индивидуальные результаты спортсменов и способы их улучшения. Спортивная медицина: наука и практика. 2023;13(1):97–102. https://doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2023.1.4Medvedev I.B., Gusakov M.V., Borisova M.U., Blankova T.I., Medvedeva N.I., Dergacheva N.N. The impact of visual functions on athletes’ results and methods of their improvements. Sports medicine: research and practice. 2023;13(1):97–102. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2023.1.4Barrett B.T., Cruickshank A.G., Flavell J.C., Bennett S.J., Buckley J.G., Harris J.M., Scally A.J. Faster visual reaction times in elite athletes are not linked to better gaze stability. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):13216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69975-zBarrett B.T., Cruickshank A.G., Flavell J.C., Bennett S.J., Buckley J.G., Harris J.M., Scally A.J. Faster visual reaction times in elite athletes are not linked to better gaze stability. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):13216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69975-zKuan Y.M., Zuhairi N.A., Manan F., Knight V.F., Omar R. Visual reaction time and visual anticipation time between athletes and non-athletes. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2018;1:135–141.Kuan Y.M., Zuhairi N.A., Manan F., Knight V.F., Omar R. Visual reaction time and visual anticipation time between athletes and non-athletes. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2018;1:135–141.Quintana M.S., Román I.R., Calvo A.L., Molinuevo J.S. Perceptual visual skills in young highly skilled basketball players. Percept. Mot. Skills. 2007;104(2):547–561. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.2.547-561Quintana M.S., Román I.R., Calvo A.L., Molinuevo J.S. Perceptual visual skills in young highly skilled basketball players. Percept. Mot. Skills. 2007;104(2):547–561. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.2.547-561Kalberer D., Zagelbaum A., Hersh P., Mellody J., Montgomery K., Sison C.P., Zagelbaum B. Peripheral Awareness and Visual Reaction Time in Professional Football Players in the National Football League (NFL). Optometry & Visual Performance. 2017;5(4):158–163.Kalberer D., Zagelbaum A., Hersh P., Mellody J., Montgomery K., Sison C.P., Zagelbaum B. Peripheral Awareness and Visual Reaction Time in Professional Football Players in the National Football League (NFL). Optometry & Visual Performance. 2017;5(4):158–163.Loureiro Jr L.F.B., Freitas Jr. P.B. Influence of the performance level in badminton players in neuromotor aspects during a target-pointing task. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2012;18:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922012000300014Loureiro Jr L.F.B., Freitas Jr. P.B. Influence of the performance level in badminton players in neuromotor aspects during a target-pointing task. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2012;18:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922012000300014Steff N., Badau D., Badau A. Study on the Impact of Implementing an Exercise Program Using Fitlight Technology for the Development of Upper Limb Coordinative Abilities in Basketball Players. Sensors. 2024;24(11):3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113482Steff N., Badau D., Badau A. Study on the Impact of Implementing an Exercise Program Using Fitlight Technology for the Development of Upper Limb Coordinative Abilities in Basketball Players. Sensors. 2024;24(11):3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113482Avedesian J.M., Forbes W., Covassin T., Dufek J.S. Influence of cognitive performance on musculoskeletal injury risk: a systematic review. Am. J. Sports Med. 2022;50(2):554–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546521998081Avedesian J.M., Forbes W., Covassin T., Dufek J.S. Influence of cognitive performance on musculoskeletal injury risk: a systematic review. Am. J. Sports Med. 2022;50(2):554–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546521998081Swanik C.B., Covassin T., Stearne D.J., Schatz P. The relationship between neurocognitive function and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007;35(6):943–948. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507299532Swanik C.B., Covassin T., Stearne D.J., Schatz P. The relationship between neurocognitive function and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007;35(6):943–948. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507299532Pavelka R., Třebický V., Třebická Fialová J., Zdobinský A., Coufalová K., Havlíček J., Tufano J.J. Acute fatigue affects reaction times and reaction consistency in Mixed Martial Arts fighters. PloS one. 2020;15(1):e0227675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227675Pavelka R., Třebický V., Třebická Fialová J., Zdobinský A., Coufalová K., Havlíček J., Tufano J.J. Acute fatigue affects reaction times and reaction consistency in Mixed Martial Arts fighters. PloS one. 2020;15(1):e0227675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227675Davranche K., Audiffren M., Denjean A. A distributional analysis of the effect of physical exercise on a choice reaction time task. J. Sports Sci. 2006;24(3):323–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500132165Davranche K., Audiffren M., Denjean A. A distributional analysis of the effect of physical exercise on a choice reaction time task. J. Sports Sci. 2006;24(3):323–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500132165Tsorbatzoudis H., Barkoukis V., Danis A., Grouios G. Physical exertion in simple reaction time and continuous attention of sport participants. Perceptual and motor skills. 1998;86(2):571–576. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.571Tsorbatzoudis H., Barkoukis V., Danis A., Grouios G. Physical exertion in simple reaction time and continuous attention of sport participants. Perceptual and motor skills. 1998;86(2):571–576. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.571Vartiainen M.V., Holm A., Lukander J., Lukander K., Koskinen S., Bornstein R., Hokkanen L. A novel approach to sports concussion assessment: computerized multilimb reaction times and balance control testing. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2016;38(3):293–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1107031Vartiainen M.V., Holm A., Lukander J., Lukander K., Koskinen S., Bornstein R., Hokkanen L. A novel approach to sports concussion assessment: computerized multilimb reaction times and balance control testing. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2016;38(3):293–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1107031Farraye B.T., Simon J.E., Chaput M., Kim H., Monfort S.M., Grooms D.R. Development and Reliability of a Visual-Cognitive Reactive Triple Hop Test. J. Sport Rehabil. 2023;32(7):802–809. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2022-0398Farraye B.T., Simon J.E., Chaput M., Kim H., Monfort S.M., Grooms D.R. Development and Reliability of a Visual-Cognitive Reactive Triple Hop Test. J. Sport Rehabil. 2023;32(7):802–809. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2022-0398Del Rossi G. Evaluating the recovery curve for clinically assessed reaction time after concussion. J. Athl. Train. 2017;52(8):766–770. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.6.02Del Rossi G. Evaluating the recovery curve for clinically assessed reaction time after concussion. J. Athl. Train. 2017;52(8):766–770. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.6.02Charron J., Garcia J.E.V., Roy P., Ferland P.-M., Comtois A.S. Physiological responses to repeated running sprint ability tests: a systematic review. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2020;13(4):1190. https://doi.org/10.70252/nxqi1037Charron J., Garcia J.E.V., Roy P., Ferland P.-M., Comtois A.S. Physiological responses to repeated running sprint ability tests: a systematic review. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2020;13(4):1190. https://doi.org/10.70252/nxqi1037Sullivan J., Roberts S.J., Mckeown J., Littlewood M., McLaren-Towlson C., Andrew M., Enright K. Methods to predict the timing and status of biological maturation in male adolescent soccer players: A narrative systematic review. Plos One. 2023;18(9):e0286768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286768Sullivan J., Roberts S.J., Mckeown J., Littlewood M., McLaren-Towlson C., Andrew M., Enright K. Methods to predict the timing and status of biological maturation in male adolescent soccer players: A narrative systematic review. Plos One. 2023;18(9):e0286768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286768Золотарева А.А. Адаптация русскоязычной версии шкалы генерализованного тревожного расстройства (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2023;31(4):31–46. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2023310402Zolotareva A.A. Adaptation of the Russian version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2023;31(4):31–46. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2023310402Irons J.G., Bassett D.T., Prendergast C.O., Landrum R.E., Heinz A.J. Development and initial validation of the caffeine consumption questionnaire-revised. Journal Caffeine Research. 2016;6(1):20–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2015.0012Irons J.G., Bassett D.T., Prendergast C.O., Landrum R.E., Heinz A.J. Development and initial validation of the caffeine consumption questionnaire-revised. Journal Caffeine Research. 2016;6(1):20–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2015.0012Batista P., Peixoto J., Oliveira-Silva P. An exploratory study about the characterization of caffeine consumption in a Portuguese sample. Behav. Sci. 2022;12(10):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100386Batista P., Peixoto J., Oliveira-Silva P. An exploratory study about the characterization of caffeine consumption in a Portuguese sample. Behav. Sci. 2022;12(10):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100386Ricotti L., Rigosa J., Niosi A., Menciassi A. Analysis of balance, rapidity, force and reaction times of soccer players at different levels of competition. PloS One. 2013;8(10):e77264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077264.Ricotti L., Rigosa J., Niosi A., Menciassi A. Analysis of balance, rapidity, force and reaction times of soccer players at different levels of competition. PloS One. 2013;8(10):e77264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077264.Shabir A., Hooton A., Tallis J., F. Higgins M. The influence of caffeine expectancies on sport, exercise, and cognitive performance. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101528Shabir A., Hooton A., Tallis J., F. Higgins M. The influence of caffeine expectancies on sport, exercise, and cognitive performance. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101528Schneider R., Grüner M., Heiland A., Keller M., Kujanová Z., Peper M., Riegl M., Schmidt S., Volz P., Walach H. Effects of expectation and caffeine on arousal, well-being, and reaction time. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2006;13:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1304_8Schneider R., Grüner M., Heiland A., Keller M., Kujanová Z., Peper M., Riegl M., Schmidt S., Volz P., Walach H. Effects of expectation and caffeine on arousal, well-being, and reaction time. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2006;13:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1304_8Wilczyńska D.M., Abrahamsen F., Popławska A., Aschenbrenner P., Dornowski M. Level of anxiety and results of psychomotor tests in young soccer players of different performance levels. Biol. Sport. 2022;39(3):571–577. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106387Wilczyńska D.M., Abrahamsen F., Popławska A., Aschenbrenner P., Dornowski M. Level of anxiety and results of psychomotor tests in young soccer players of different performance levels. Biol. Sport. 2022;39(3):571–577. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106387Ozan M., Buzdagli Y., Eyipinar C.D., Baygutalp N.K., Yüce N., Oget F., Kan E., Baygutalp F. Does Single or Combined Caffeine and Taurine Supplementation Improve Athletic and Cognitive Performance without Affecting Fatigue Level in Elite Boxers? A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(20):4399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204399Ozan M., Buzdagli Y., Eyipinar C.D., Baygutalp N.K., Yüce N., Oget F., Kan E., Baygutalp F. Does Single or Combined Caffeine and Taurine Supplementation Improve Athletic and Cognitive Performance without Affecting Fatigue Level in Elite Boxers? A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(20):4399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204399Główka N., Malik J., Podgórski T., Stemplewski R., Maciaszek J., Ciążyńska J., Zawieja E.E., et al. The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2024;21(1):2301384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384Główka N., Malik J., Podgórski T., Stemplewski R., Maciaszek J., Ciążyńska J., Zawieja E.E., et al. The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2024;21(1):2301384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384Saville C.W., de Morree H., Dundon N.M. Effects of caffeine on reaction time are mediated by attentional rather than motor processes. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(3):749–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4790-7Saville C.W., de Morree H., Dundon N.M. Effects of caffeine on reaction time are mediated by attentional rather than motor processes. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(3):749–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4790-7Prefaut C., Durand F., Mucci P., Caillaud C. Exerciseinduced arterial hypoxaemia in athletes: a review. Sports Med. 2000;30(1):47–61. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200030010-00005Prefaut C., Durand F., Mucci P., Caillaud C. Exerciseinduced arterial hypoxaemia in athletes: a review. Sports Med. 2000;30(1):47–61. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200030010-00005Pun M., Guadagni V., Bettauer K.M., Drogos L.L., Aitken J., Hartmann S.E., et al. Effects on cognitive functioning of acute, subacute and repeated exposures to high altitude. Front. Physiol. 2018;9:1131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01131Pun M., Guadagni V., Bettauer K.M., Drogos L.L., Aitken J., Hartmann S.E., et al. Effects on cognitive functioning of acute, subacute and repeated exposures to high altitude. Front. Physiol. 2018;9:1131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01131Wahl D., Cavalier A.N., LaRocca T.J. Novel strategies for healthy brain aging. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2021;49(2):115–125. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000242Wahl D., Cavalier A.N., LaRocca T.J. Novel strategies for healthy brain aging. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2021;49(2):115–125. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000242Quan H., Koltai E., Suzuki K., Aguiar Jr A.S., Pinho R., Boldogh I., Berkes I., Radak Z. Exercise, redox system and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis of Dis. 2020;1866(10):165778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165778Quan H., Koltai E., Suzuki K., Aguiar Jr A.S., Pinho R., Boldogh I., Berkes I., Radak Z. Exercise, redox system and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis of Dis. 2020;1866(10):165778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165778Djordjevic D., Jakovljevic V., Cubrilo D., Zlatko vic M., Zivkovic V., Djuric D. Coordination between nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical during progressive exercise in elite soccer players. Open Biochem. J. 2010;4:100–106. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874091X01004010100Djordjevic D., Jakovljevic V., Cubrilo D., Zlatko vic M., Zivkovic V., Djuric D. Coordination between nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical during progressive exercise in elite soccer players. Open Biochem. J. 2010;4:100–106. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874091X01004010100Morís Fernández L., Vadillo M. A. Flexibility in reaction time analysis: many roads to a false positive? R. Soc. Open Sci. 2020;7(2):190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190831Morís Fernández L., Vadillo M. A. Flexibility in reaction time analysis: many roads to a false positive? R. Soc. Open Sci. 2020;7(2):190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190831Green C.S., Bavelier D. Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature. 2003;423(6939):534–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01647Green C.S., Bavelier D. Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature. 2003;423(6939):534–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01647Klasnja A., Milenovic N., Lukac S., Knezevic A., Klasnja J., Karan Rakic V. The effects of regular physical activity and playing video games on reaction time in adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19(15):9278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159278Klasnja A., Milenovic N., Lukac S., Knezevic A., Klasnja J., Karan Rakic V. The effects of regular physical activity and playing video games on reaction time in adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19(15):9278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159278Ziv G., Lidor R., Levin O. Reaction time and working memory in gamers and non-gamers. Sci. Rep. 2022;12(1):6798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10986-3Ziv G., Lidor R., Levin O. Reaction time and working memory in gamers and non-gamers. Sci. Rep. 2022;12(1):6798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10986-3Chen X., Zhang L., Yang D., Li C., An G., Wang J., et al. Effects of caffeine on event-related potentials and neuropsychological indices after sleep deprivation. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2020;14:108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.0010Chen X., Zhang L., Yang D., Li C., An G., Wang J., et al. Effects of caffeine on event-related potentials and neuropsychological indices after sleep deprivation. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2020;14:108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.0010

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.