smjournalСпортивная медицина: наука и практикаSports medicine: research and practice2223-25242587-9014NEICON10.47529/2223-2524.2025.3.7smjournal-739Research ArticleФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И БИОХИМИЯ СПОРТАSPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRYСиловые тренировки значительно повышают уровень инсулиноподобного фактора роста-1 у женщин, ведущих сидячий образ жизни: рандомизированное контролируемое исследованиеResistance training significantly increases insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in women with a sedentary lifestyle: A randomized controlled trialhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-6636АюбиН.AyubiN.

Аюби Новадри, доктор, преподаватель и научный сотрудник кафедры физического воспитания, здравоохранения и отдыха, Университет Негери Сурабая, Jl. Лида Ветан, Джава Тимур, Сурабая, 60213, Индонезия.

Ayubi Novadri, Dr., Lecturer and Researcher, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Jl. Lidah Wetan, Jawa Timur, Surabaya, 60213, Indonesia.

novadriayubi@unesa.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-2597-5350КахьянтоВ. Дж.WibawaJ. C.

Вибава Джуниан Кахьянто, М.Кес., преподаватель кафедры физического воспитания, здравоохранения и отдыха, STKIP PGRI Тренгалек, младший. ул. Суприяди, 22, Тренгалек, Джава Тимур, 66319, Индонезия.

Wibawa Junian Cahyanto, M.Kes., Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, STKIP PGRI Trenggalek, Jl. Supriyadi str., 22, Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, 66319, Indonesia.

juniancahyanto96@stkippgritrenggalek.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-8792-6408СцесаррияВ. М.SceisarriyaV. M.

Вега Марета Сцесаррия, магистр педагогических наук, преподаватель кафедры физического воспитания, здравоохранения и отдыха, STKIP PGRI Тренгалек, младший. ул. Суприяди, 22, Тренгалек, Джава Тимур, 66319, Индонезия.

Vega Mareta Sceisarriya, M.Ed., Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, STKIP PGRI Trenggalek, Jl. Supriyadi str., 22, Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, 66319, Indonesia.

vegamareta@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-6126Дафун-младшийП. Б.Dafun Jr.P. B.

Прокопио Б. Дафун младший, магистр педагогических наук, преподаватель кафедры физического воспитания, Государственный университет Мариано Маркоса, ул. Куилинг, 16, Батак, Северный Илокос, 2906, Филиппины.

Procopio B. Dafun Jr., M.Ed., Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Mariano Marcos State University Quiling str., 16, Batac, Ilocos Norte, 2906, Philippines.

pbdafun@mmsu.edu.phУниверситет Негери СурабаяИндонезияUniversitas Negeri SurabayaIndonesiaSTKIP PGRI TrenggalekИндонезияSTKIP PGRI TrenggalekIndonesiaГосударственный университет Мариано МаркосФилиппиныMariano Marcos State UniversityPhilippines2025301220251533443Copyright © Аюби Н., Кахьянто В.Д., Сцесаррия В.М., Дафун-младший П.Б., 20252025Аюби Н., Кахьянто В.Д., Сцесаррия В.М., Дафун-младший П.Б.Ayubi N., Wibawa J.C., Sceisarriya V.M., Dafun Jr. P.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.smjournal.ru/jour/article/view/739Цель исследования

Цель исследования: определить влияние силовых тренировок и аэробных упражнений на уровень инсулиноподобного фактора роста-1 (ИФР-1) у женщин, ведущих сидячий образ жизни.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы: Тридцать три женщины, ведущие сидячий образ жизни, были случайным образом разделены на три группы: группа силовых тренировок (n = 11), группа аэробных тренировок (n = 11) и контрольная группа (n = 11). Участницы исследования были в возрасте от 18 до 26 лет. Сбор данных проводился в течение двух дней начиная со сбора информации о характеристиках испытуемых. Перед началом упражнений у испытуемых взяли кровь для предварительного анализа. Затем испытуемым было предложено размяться. После этого испытуемые выполняли физические упражнения в соответствии с их группой. После завершения упражнений были взяты образцы крови для повторного анализа.

Результаты

Результаты: Данные показали, что уровень ИФР-1 был значимо повышен в группе силовых тренировок (p = 0,012).

Вывод

Вывод: интенсивные силовые упражнения могут повысить уровень ИФР-1. Действие гормона роста опосредуется ИФР-1, который также необходим для контроля соматического роста и развития органов, включая мозг. Силовые тренировки можно рекомендовать в качестве альтернативных упражнений для людей, ведущих сидячий образ жизни, с целью улучшения когнитивных функций.

Purpose of the study

Purpose of the study: To determine the effects of physical exercise resistance training and aerobic exercise on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in women with a sedentary lifestyle.

Methods

Methods: Thirty-three female respondents with sedentary lifestyle were randomly selected and divided into three groups: resistance training group (n = 11), aerobic training group (n = 11), and control group (n = 11). Study participants were between 18 and 26 years old. Data collection took place over the course of two days, beginning with the collection of information regarding the characteristics of the subjects. Before the exercise, the subjects had their blood drawn as pre-test data. The subjects were then instructed to warm up. Then, the subjects performed physical exercises according to their group. After the exercise intervention, blood samples were taken as post-test data.

Results

Results: The data showed that training significantly increased IGF-1 levels in resistance training group (p = 0.012).

Conclusion

Conclusion: acute resistance exercise has the potential to raise IGF-1 levels. Growth hormone’s effects are mediated by IGF-1, which is also essential for controlling somatic growth and organ development, including brain. Resistance training can be recommended as an alternative exercise for people with a sedentary lifestyle to improve cognitive function.

малоподвижный образ жизнисиловые тренировкифизические упражненияИФР-1SedentaryResistance TrainingPhysical ExerciseIGF-1Министерство высшего образования, науки и технологий Республики Индонезия предоставило финансовую помощь для проведения данного исследования в соответствии с контрактом № 128/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025.The Republic of Indonesia’s Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology provided financial assistance for this study under contract number 128/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025.ReferencesFried L.P., Cohen A.A., Xue Q.L., Walston J., Bandeen- Roche K., Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nat. Aging. 2021;1(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-020-00017-zFried L.P., Cohen A.A., Xue Q.L., Walston J., Bandeen- Roche K., Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nat. Aging. 2021;1(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-020-00017-zDoody P., Lord J.M., Greig C.A., Whittaker A.C. Frailty: Pathophysiology, Theoretical and Operational Definition(s), Impact, Prevalence, Management and Prevention, in an Increasingly Economically Developed and Ageing World. Gerontology. 2023;69(8):927–945. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528561Doody P., Lord J.M., Greig C.A., Whittaker A.C. Frailty: Pathophysiology, Theoretical and Operational Definition(s), Impact, Prevalence, Management and Prevention, in an Increasingly Economically Developed and Ageing World. Gerontology. 2023;69(8):927–945. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528561Izquierdo M., de Souto Barreto P., Arai H., Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Cadore E.L., Cesari M., et al. Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR). J. Nutr. Heal. Aging. 2025;29(1):100401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401Izquierdo M., de Souto Barreto P., Arai H., Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Cadore E.L., Cesari M., et al. Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR). J. Nutr. Heal. Aging. 2025;29(1):100401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401Guthold R., Stevens G.A., Riley L.M., Bull F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob. Heal. 2018;6(10):e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7Guthold R., Stevens G.A., Riley L.M., Bull F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob. Heal. 2018;6(10):e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7Autio J., Stenbäck V., Gagnon D.D., Leppäluoto J., Herzig K.H. (Neuro) peptides, physical activity, and cognition. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9(8):1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082592Autio J., Stenbäck V., Gagnon D.D., Leppäluoto J., Herzig K.H. (Neuro) peptides, physical activity, and cognition. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9(8):1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082592Bota M., Sporns O., Swanson L.W. Architecture of the cerebral cortical association connectome underlying cognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015;112(16):E2093–E2101 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504394112Bota M., Sporns O., Swanson L.W. Architecture of the cerebral cortical association connectome underlying cognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015;112(16):E2093–E2101 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504394112Kujach S., Olek R.A., Byun K., Suwabe K., Sitek E.J., Ziemann E., Laskowski R., Soya H. Acute Sprint Interval Exercise Increases Both Cognitive Functions and Peripheral Neurotrophic Factors in Humans: The Possible Involvement of Lactate. Front. Neurosci. 2020;13:1455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01455Kujach S., Olek R.A., Byun K., Suwabe K., Sitek E.J., Ziemann E., Laskowski R., Soya H. Acute Sprint Interval Exercise Increases Both Cognitive Functions and Peripheral Neurotrophic Factors in Humans: The Possible Involvement of Lactate. Front. Neurosci. 2020;13:1455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01455Ye G., Xiao Z., Luo Z., Huang X., Abdelrahim M.E.A., Huang W. Resistance training effect on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum: a meta-analysis. Aging Male. 2021;23(5):1471–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2020.1801622Ye G., Xiao Z., Luo Z., Huang X., Abdelrahim M.E.A., Huang W. Resistance training effect on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum: a meta-analysis. Aging Male. 2021;23(5):1471–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2020.1801622de Alcantara Borba D., da Silva Alves E., Rosa J.P.P., Facundo L.A., Costa C.M.A., Silva A.C., Narciso F.V., Silva A., de Mello M.T. Can IGF-1 serum levels really be changed by acute physical exercise? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Phys. Act. Heal. 2020;17(5):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0453de Alcantara Borba D., da Silva Alves E., Rosa J.P.P., Facundo L.A., Costa C.M.A., Silva A.C., Narciso F.V., Silva A., de Mello M.T. Can IGF-1 serum levels really be changed by acute physical exercise? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Phys. Act. Heal. 2020;17(5):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0453Zhang Y., Zhang B., Gan L., Ke L., Fu Y., Di Q., Ma X. Effects of online bodyweight high-intensity interval training intervention and health education on the mental health and cognition of sedentary young females. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(1):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010302Zhang Y., Zhang B., Gan L., Ke L., Fu Y., Di Q., Ma X. Effects of online bodyweight high-intensity interval training intervention and health education on the mental health and cognition of sedentary young females. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(1):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010302Wilke J., Mohr L., Yuki G., Bhundoo A.K., Jiménez-Pavón D., Laiño F., et al. Train at home, but not alone: a randomised controlled multicentre trial assessing the effects of live-streamed tele-exercise during COVID-19-related lockdowns. Br. J. Sports Med. 2022;56(12):667–675. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104994Wilke J., Mohr L., Yuki G., Bhundoo A.K., Jiménez-Pavón D., Laiño F., et al. Train at home, but not alone: a randomised controlled multicentre trial assessing the effects of live-streamed tele-exercise during COVID-19-related lockdowns. Br. J. Sports Med. 2022;56(12):667–675. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104994Vazquez-Guajardo M., Rivas D., Duque G. Exercise as a Therapeutic Tool in Age-Related Frailty and Cardiovascular Disease: Challenges and Strategies. Can. J. Cardiol. 2024;40(8):1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.005Vazquez-Guajardo M., Rivas D., Duque G. Exercise as a Therapeutic Tool in Age-Related Frailty and Cardiovascular Disease: Challenges and Strategies. Can. J. Cardiol. 2024;40(8):1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.005Liu C., Wong P.Y., Chow S.K.H., Cheung W.H., Wong R.M.Y. Does the regulation of skeletal muscle influence cognitive function? A scoping review of pre-clinical evidence. J. Orthop. Transl. 2023;38:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2022.10.001Liu C., Wong P.Y., Chow S.K.H., Cheung W.H., Wong R.M.Y. Does the regulation of skeletal muscle influence cognitive function? A scoping review of pre-clinical evidence. J. Orthop. Transl. 2023;38:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2022.10.001Rahmati M., Shariatzadeh Joneydi M., Koyanagi A., Yang G., Ji B., Won Lee S., et al. Resistance training restores skeletal muscle atrophy and satellite cell content in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci. Rep. 2023;13(1): 2535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29406-1Rahmati M., Shariatzadeh Joneydi M., Koyanagi A., Yang G., Ji B., Won Lee S., et al. Resistance training restores skeletal muscle atrophy and satellite cell content in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci. Rep. 2023;13(1): 2535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29406-1Shalaby M.N., Fadl M.A. Relative indicators and predicative ability of some biological variables on cardiac neural activity for volleyball players. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2020;11(9):834–840. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.9.119Shalaby M.N., Fadl M.A. Relative indicators and predicative ability of some biological variables on cardiac neural activity for volleyball players. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2020;11(9):834–840. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.9.119Shalaby M.N., Hussien Sh., Sakoury M.M.A., Atiaa M.A.M., Antar G.M.A. The Impact of Antioxidants in Blood Pressure and Free Radicals of Athletes. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2021;15(2):4420–4430. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15062Shalaby M.N., Hussien Sh., Sakoury M.M.A., Atiaa M.A.M., Antar G.M.A. The Impact of Antioxidants in Blood Pressure and Free Radicals of Athletes. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2021;15(2):4420–4430. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15062Bangsbo J., Blackwell J., Boraxbekk C.J., Caserotti P., Dela F., Evans A.B., et al. Copenhagen Consensus statement 2019: Physical activity and ageing. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019;53(14):856–858. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100451Bangsbo J., Blackwell J., Boraxbekk C.J., Caserotti P., Dela F., Evans A.B., et al. Copenhagen Consensus statement 2019: Physical activity and ageing. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019;53(14):856–858. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100451Cho S.Y., Roh H.T. Effects of Exercise Training on Neurotrophic Factors and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in Young-Old and Old-Old Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19(24):16896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416896Cho S.Y., Roh H.T. Effects of Exercise Training on Neurotrophic Factors and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in Young-Old and Old-Old Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19(24):16896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416896Moghaddam M.H.B., Aghdam F.B., Jafarabadi M.A., Allahverdipour H., Nikookheslat S.D., Safarpour S. The Iranian version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: Content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl. Sci. J. 2012;18(8):1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.08.754Moghaddam M.H.B., Aghdam F.B., Jafarabadi M.A., Allahverdipour H., Nikookheslat S.D., Safarpour S. The Iranian version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: Content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl. Sci. J. 2012;18(8):1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.08.754Amanat S., Sinaei E., Panji M., Mohammadpor Hodki R., Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z., Asadimehr H., Fararouei M., Dianatinasab A. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of 12 Weeks of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercises Training on the Serum Levels of Nesfatin-1, Irisin-1 and HOMA-IR. Front. Physiol. 2020;11: 562895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.562895Amanat S., Sinaei E., Panji M., Mohammadpor Hodki R., Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z., Asadimehr H., Fararouei M., Dianatinasab A. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of 12 Weeks of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercises Training on the Serum Levels of Nesfatin-1, Irisin-1 and HOMA-IR. Front. Physiol. 2020;11: 562895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.562895Brzycki M. Strength Testing—Predicting a One-Rep Max from Reps-to-Fatigue. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Danc. 1993;64(1):88–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1993.10606684Brzycki M. Strength Testing—Predicting a One-Rep Max from Reps-to-Fatigue. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Danc. 1993;64(1):88–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1993.10606684Tanaka H., Monahan K.D., Seals D.R. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001;37(1):153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8Tanaka H., Monahan K.D., Seals D.R. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001;37(1):153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8Arazi H., Khanmohammadi A., Asadi A., Haff G.G. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength, power, and hormonal adaptation in female volleyball players. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2018;43(2):154–164. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0327Arazi H., Khanmohammadi A., Asadi A., Haff G.G. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength, power, and hormonal adaptation in female volleyball players. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2018;43(2):154–164. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0327Nunes P.R.P., Barcelos L.C., Oliveira A.A., Furlanetto R. Jr, Martins F.M., Resende E.A.M.R., Orsatti F.L. Muscular Strength Adaptations and Hormonal Responses After Two Different Multiple-Set Protocols of Resistance Training in Postmenopausal Women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019;33(5):1276–1285. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001788Nunes P.R.P., Barcelos L.C., Oliveira A.A., Furlanetto R. Jr, Martins F.M., Resende E.A.M.R., Orsatti F.L. Muscular Strength Adaptations and Hormonal Responses After Two Different Multiple-Set Protocols of Resistance Training in Postmenopausal Women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019;33(5):1276–1285. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001788Chen H.T., Chung Y.C., Chen Y.J., Ho S.Y., Wu H.J. Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and IGF-1 in the Elderly with Sarcopenic Obesity. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017;65(4):827–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14722Chen H.T., Chung Y.C., Chen Y.J., Ho S.Y., Wu H.J. Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and IGF-1 in the Elderly with Sarcopenic Obesity. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017;65(4):827–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14722Li B., Feng L., Wu X., Cai M., Yu J.J., Tian Z. Effects of different modes of exercise on skeletal muscle mass and function and IGF-1 signaling during early aging in mice. J. Exp. Biol. 2022;225(21): jeb244650. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244650Li B., Feng L., Wu X., Cai M., Yu J.J., Tian Z. Effects of different modes of exercise on skeletal muscle mass and function and IGF-1 signaling during early aging in mice. J. Exp. Biol. 2022;225(21): jeb244650. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244650Son W.M., Pekas E.J., Park S.Y. Twelve weeks of resistance band exercise training improves age-associated hormonal decline, blood pressure, and body composition in postmenopausal women with stage 1 hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2020;27(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001444Son W.M., Pekas E.J., Park S.Y. Twelve weeks of resistance band exercise training improves age-associated hormonal decline, blood pressure, and body composition in postmenopausal women with stage 1 hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2020;27(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001444Stein A.M., da Silva T.M.V., Coelho F.G.M, Rueda A.V., Camarini R., Galduróz R.F.S. Acute exercise increases circulating IGF-1 in Alzheimer’s disease patients, but not in older adults without dementia. Behav. Brain Res. 2020;396:112903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112903Stein A.M., da Silva T.M.V., Coelho F.G.M, Rueda A.V., Camarini R., Galduróz R.F.S. Acute exercise increases circulating IGF-1 in Alzheimer’s disease patients, but not in older adults without dementia. Behav. Brain Res. 2020;396:112903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112903Pierce J.R., Martin B.J., Rarick K.R., Alemany J.A., Staab J.S., Kraemer W.J., Hymer W.C., Nindl B.C. Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Molecular Weight Isoform Responses to Resistance Exercise Are Sex-Dependent. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2020;11:571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00571Pierce J.R., Martin B.J., Rarick K.R., Alemany J.A., Staab J.S., Kraemer W.J., Hymer W.C., Nindl B.C. Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Molecular Weight Isoform Responses to Resistance Exercise Are Sex-Dependent. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2020;11:571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00571Voss M.W., Nagamatsu L.S., Liu-Ambrose T., Kramer A.F. Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011;111(5):1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2011Voss M.W., Nagamatsu L.S., Liu-Ambrose T., Kramer A.F. Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011;111(5):1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2011Xu L., Liu R., Qin Y., Wang T. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: biological mechanisms of exercise. Transl. Neurodegener. 2023;12(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-023-00364-yXu L., Liu R., Qin Y., Wang T. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: biological mechanisms of exercise. Transl. Neurodegener. 2023;12(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-023-00364-yToledo I.C.A. Clinical, cellular and molecular approaches to oxidative stress in athletes’ bodies: a systematic and integrative review. Int. J. Nutrology. 2023;16(1). https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn23106Toledo I.C.A. Clinical, cellular and molecular approaches to oxidative stress in athletes’ bodies: a systematic and integrative review. Int. J. Nutrology. 2023;16(1). https://doi.org/10.54448/ijn23106Lindsay R.T., Rhodes C.J. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Metabolic Disease-Don’t Shoot the Metabolic Messenger. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(6):2622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062622Lindsay R.T., Rhodes C.J. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Metabolic Disease-Don’t Shoot the Metabolic Messenger. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(6):2622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062622Prabowo S.A., Wibawa J.C., Hamdani H., Indriarsa N., Ardha M.A.A., Hidayat T., Subagio I., Barata I., Lobo J., Ayubi N. Increased adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activity in mice with physical exercise intervention: a systematic review. Retos. 2024;68:377–387. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115136Prabowo S.A., Wibawa J.C., Hamdani H., Indriarsa N., Ardha M.A.A., Hidayat T., Subagio I., Barata I., Lobo J., Ayubi N. Increased adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activity in mice with physical exercise intervention: a systematic review. Retos. 2024;68:377–387. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115136Bao C., Yang Z., Li Q., Cai Q., Li H., Shu B. Aerobic Endurance Exercise Ameliorates Renal Vascular Sclerosis in Aged Mice by Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. DNA Cell Biol. 2020;39(2):310–320. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2019.4966Bao C., Yang Z., Li Q., Cai Q., Li H., Shu B. Aerobic Endurance Exercise Ameliorates Renal Vascular Sclerosis in Aged Mice by Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. DNA Cell Biol. 2020;39(2):310–320. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2019.4966Ayubi N., Wibawa J.C., Aljunaid M., Dafun P.B., Ming J.W. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) Signaling During Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Al-Kindy Coll. Med. J. 2024;20(3):163–167. https://doi.org/10.47723/frgdrz94Ayubi N., Wibawa J.C., Aljunaid M., Dafun P.B., Ming J.W. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) Signaling During Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Al-Kindy Coll. Med. J. 2024;20(3):163–167. https://doi.org/10.47723/frgdrz94Ahmad S.S., Ahmad K., Lee E.J., Lee Y.H., Choi I. Implications of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Skeletal Muscle and Various Diseases. Cells. 2020;9(8):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081773Ahmad S.S., Ahmad K., Lee E.J., Lee Y.H., Choi I. Implications of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Skeletal Muscle and Various Diseases. Cells. 2020;9(8):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081773Yoshida T., Delafontaine P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells. 2020;9(9):1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091970Yoshida T., Delafontaine P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells. 2020;9(9):1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091970Zhang J., Zhang W. Can irisin be a linker between physical activity and brain function? Biomol. Concepts. 2016;7(4):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2016-0012Zhang J., Zhang W. Can irisin be a linker between physical activity and brain function? Biomol. Concepts. 2016;7(4):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2016-0012Tiano J.P., Springer D.A., Rane S.G. SMAD3 negatively regulates serum irisin and skeletal muscle FNDC5 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) during exercise. J. Biol. Chem. 2015;290(12):7671–7684. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.617399Tiano J.P., Springer D.A., Rane S.G. SMAD3 negatively regulates serum irisin and skeletal muscle FNDC5 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) during exercise. J. Biol. Chem. 2015;290(12):7671–7684. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.617399Wrann C.D., White J.P., Salogiannnis J., Laznik-Bogoslavski D., Wu J., Ma D., Lin J.D., Greenberg M.E., Spiegelman B.M. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab. 2013;18(5):649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008Wrann C.D., White J.P., Salogiannnis J., Laznik-Bogoslavski D., Wu J., Ma D., Lin J.D., Greenberg M.E., Spiegelman B.M. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab. 2013;18(5):649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008Zuo C., Yin Y., Zheng Z., Mu R., Liang Y., Wang S., Ye C. Unlocking the full potential of resistance training: a comparative analysis of low- and high-intensity effects on neurotrophic growth factors and homocysteine. Discov. Appl. Sci. 2025;7(2):108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06521-4Zuo C., Yin Y., Zheng Z., Mu R., Liang Y., Wang S., Ye C. Unlocking the full potential of resistance training: a comparative analysis of low- and high-intensity effects on neurotrophic growth factors and homocysteine. Discov. Appl. Sci. 2025;7(2):108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06521-4Mcleod J.C., Currier B.S., Lowisz C.V., Phillips S.M. The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: An umbrella review. J. Sport Heal. Sci. 2024;13(1):47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.005Mcleod J.C., Currier B.S., Lowisz C.V., Phillips S.M. The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: An umbrella review. J. Sport Heal. Sci. 2024;13(1):47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.005van Vossel K., Hardeel J., van der Stede T., Cools T., Vandecauter J., Vanhaecke L., Boone J., Blemker S.S., Lievens E., Derave W. Evidence for Simultaneous Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy in Response to Resistance Training in Humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2024;56(9):1634–1643. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003475van Vossel K., Hardeel J., van der Stede T., Cools T., Vandecauter J., Vanhaecke L., Boone J., Blemker S.S., Lievens E., Derave W. Evidence for Simultaneous Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy in Response to Resistance Training in Humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2024;56(9):1634–1643. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003475Ding Q., Vaynman S., Akhavan M., Ying Z., Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140(3):823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.084Ding Q., Vaynman S., Akhavan M., Ying Z., Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140(3):823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.084Chen Y., Wang J., Li S., Li Y. Acute effects of low load resistance training with blood flow restriction on serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and testosterone in patients with mild to moderate unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Heliyon. 2022;8(10):e11051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11051Chen Y., Wang J., Li S., Li Y. Acute effects of low load resistance training with blood flow restriction on serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and testosterone in patients with mild to moderate unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Heliyon. 2022;8(10):e11051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11051Patterson S.D., Leggate M., Nimmo M.A., Ferguson R.A. Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013;113(3):713–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2479-5Patterson S.D., Leggate M., Nimmo M.A., Ferguson R.A. Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013;113(3):713–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2479-5Nakamura Y., Aizawa K., Imai T., Kono I., Mesaki N. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise during different menstrual cycle states. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):967–973. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182019774Nakamura Y., Aizawa K., Imai T., Kono I., Mesaki N. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise during different menstrual cycle states. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):967–973. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182019774Someya Y., Tamura Y., Kaga H., Nojiri S., Shimada K., Daida H., et al. Skeletal muscle function and need for long-term care of urban elderly people in Japan (the Bunkyo Health Study): A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e031584. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031584Someya Y., Tamura Y., Kaga H., Nojiri S., Shimada K., Daida H., et al. Skeletal muscle function and need for long-term care of urban elderly people in Japan (the Bunkyo Health Study): A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e031584. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031584

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.