Methodology of comprehensive assessment of the athlete's adaptive potential to the load
https://doi.org/10.17238/ISSN2223-2524.2019.3.49
Abstract
The review summarizes the current data on the methods of assessment of adaptation and disadaptation (fatigue, overreaching, overtraining, OT) of athlete during training; special attention is paid to the diagnostic value of biochemical and immunological markers of adaptation potential (AP). Their diagnostic significance was analyzed. Hypotheses and possible mechanisms of OT development were considered. Based on the results of recent studies published by domestic and foreign authors, both the diversity and the number of proposed adaptation markers have been established, and a lack of unity of approaches in the assessment of AP and OT has been revealed. Large amount of biochemical, immunological and other tests proposed for the evaluation of AP was summed up. The most significant AP and OT markers are protein metabolism factors, enzymes, lactate, urea. The role of immune factors, besides leukocytes and lymphocytes, is intensively studied: these are leukocyte toxicity index, level of neutrophils, cytokines, natural antibodies to AP bioregulators. The prospects of using an integrated test system for determining the e-At panel to AP bioregulators is shown for monitoring the athlete's condition, and especially for early diagnosis of OT.
About the Authors
A. A. Spassky
«Luzhniki» Sports Medicine Clinic Autonomous Nonprofit Organization
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Andrey A. Spassky, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Prof., Scientific Director
Moscow
M. A. Myagkova
Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Marina A. Myagkova, M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine), Prof., Нead of the Laboratory of mmunochemistry of Physiologically Active Substances
Chernogolovka
A. I. Levashova
Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Anna I. Levashova, Ph.D. (Chemistry), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Immunochemistry of Physiologically Active Substances
Chernogolovka
S. K. Kukushkin
Pirogov Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey K. Kukushkin, M.D., Ph.D. (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Diseases of Aging
Moscow
V. V. Kurshev
«Luzhniki» Sports Medicine Clinic Autonomous Nonprofit Organization; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Vladislav V. Kurshev, M.D., Ph.D. (Medicine), Head Physician, Assistant
Moscow
J. V. Yanova
«Luzhniki» Sports Medicine Clinic Autonomous Nonprofit Organization
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Julia V. Yanova, M.D., Sports Medicine Physician
Moscow
L. V. Veselova
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Lyudmila V. Veselova, M.D., Ph.D. (Medicine), Associate Professor
Moscow
References
1. Bolotov DD, Rusakevich AP, Starikov SM. Otsenka tolerantnosti k fizicheskoy nagruzke u patsientov s amputatsionnymi defektami nizhnikh konechnostey. Vestnik vosstanovitelnoy meditsiny (Journal of restorative medicine and rehabilitation). 2019;(2):29-34. Russian.
2. Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Alonso JM, Bahr R, Clarsen B, Dijkstra HP, Gabbett TJ, Gleeson M, Hägglund M, Hutchinson MR, Janse Van Rensburg C, Meeusen R, Orchard JW, Pluim BM, Raftery M, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. How much is too much? (Part 2). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. Br J Sport Med. 2016;50(17):1030-41. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581.
3. Polyaev BA. Klinicheskie rekomendacii po diagnostike i lecheniyu obshchego i chastnyh sindromov perenapryazheniya centralnoy nervnoy sistemy, serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy, opornodvigatelnogo apparata, immunnoy systemy i pereutomleniya u sportsmenov vysokoy kvalifikacii. Moscow, 2016. 93 p. Russian.
4. Gavrilova EA. Variabelnost ritma serdca i sport. Palmarium Academic Publishing, 2017. 180 p. Russian.
5. Rakhmanov RS, Razgulin SA, Blinova TV, Kolesov SA, Strakhova LA, Berzin IA, Khayrov RSh. Evaluation of functional reliability of sportsmen according to indices of metabolic processes in human organism. Sport science bulletin. 2018;1:44-8. Russian.
6. Mashkovskiy EV, Achkasov EE, Bogova OT, Vinnichuk DO. Vliyanie regulyarnykh fizicheskikh nagruzok na morfofunktsionalnoe sostoyanie serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy u deystvuyushchikh sportsmenov i veteranov sporta. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika. (Sports medicine: research and practice). 2014;(1):22-31. Russian.
7. Carfagno DG, Hendrix JC. Overtraining syndrome in Athlete: Current Clinical Practice. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2014;13(1):45-51.
8. Stefan L, Sporis G, Samija K. Organism adaptations on resistance training – systematic review. Sport Science. 2015;8(Suppl 1): 15-9.
9. Kreher J. Diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome: an opinion on education strategies. Open Access J Sports Medicine. 2016;7:115-22. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S91657.
10. Makarova GA, Holyavko YUA, Verlina GV. Сlinical laboratory examination of top class athletes: basic lines of improvement. Lechebnaya fizkultura i sportivnaya meditsina (Exercise therapy and sports medicine). 2013;(115):4-13. Russian.
11. Achkasov EE, Blagova NN, Gansburgskiy AN, Gansburgskiy MA, Koromyslov AV, Lebedev AV, Margazin VA, Nikitina IE, Noskov SM, Pavlov AV, Polyaev BA. Klinicheskie aspekty sportivnoy mediciny. Saint Petersburg, Speclit, 2014. 880 p. Russian.
12. Platonov V. Оvertraining in sport. Science in Olympic Sport. 2015;(1):19-34. Russian.
13. Luckan IP, Savvina NV, Stepanova LA. Problems of medical support for children ingaged in sport activity in Russia. Russian Pediatric Journal. 2012;(5):39-42. Russian.
14. Guljamov NG, Hudojkulov ShH. About prenosological immunological diagnosis of pre-pathological processes in young athletes (Materials of II International conference «Physiological and biochemical bases and pedagogical technologies adapting to different physical loads»), Kazan, 2014. Р. 129-31.
15. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, GleesonM, Nieman D, Raglin J, Rietjens G, Steinacker J, Urhausen A. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome: Joint Consensus Statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercised. 2012;45(1):186-205. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a.
16. Makarova GA, Polyaev BA. Biomedical support of sports abroad. Moscow, Soviet sport, 2012. 310 p. Russian.
17. Zając A, Chalimoniuk M, Maszczyk A, Gołaś A, Lngfort J. Central and Peripheral Fatigue During Resistance Exercise. A Critical Review. J Hum Kinet. 2015;49:159-69. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0118.
18. Nikulin BA, Rodionova II. Biochemical control in sport: scientific method. Manual. Moscow, Soviet sport, 2011. 232 p. Russian.
19. Connell CJ, Thompson B, Turuwhenua J, Srzich A, Gant N. Fatigue-related impairments in oculomotor control are prevented by norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition. Sci Rep. 2017;7:e42726. DOI: 10.1038/srep42726.
20. Cordeiro LMS, Rabelo PCR, Moraes MM, TeixeiraCoelho F, Coimbra CC, Wanner SP, Soares DD. Physical exerciseinduced fatigue: the role of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2017;50(12):e6432. DOI: 10.1590/1414-431X20176432.
21. Coqueiro AY, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(4). DOI: 10.3390/nu11040863.
22. Schmikli SL, de Vries WR, Brink M, Backx FJG. Monitoring performance, pituitary–adrenal hormones and mood profiles: how to diagnose non-functional over-reaching in male elite junior soccer players. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:1019-23. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090492.
23. Arakawa K, Hosono A, Shibata K, Ghadimi R, Fuku M, Goto C, Imaeda N, Tokudome Y, Hoshino H, Marumoto M, Kobayashi M, Suzuki S, Tokudome S.Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon. J Sports Med. 2016;7:43-50. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S97468.
24. Afanasyeva IA, Taymazov VA. Overtraining syndrome among the athletes: endogenous intoxication and factors of innate immunity. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta 2011;12(82):24-30. Russian.
25. Robson PJ. Elucidating the unexplained underperformance syndrome in endurance athletes: the interleukin-6 hypothesis. Sports Med. 2003;33:771-81. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333100-00004.
26. Margonis K, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Douroudos I, Chatzinikolaou A Mitrakou A, Mastorakos G, Papassotiriou I, Taxildaris K, Kouretas D. Oxidative stress biomarkers responses to physical overtraining: implications for diagnosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43(6):901-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.022.
27. Smith LL. Cytokine hypothesis of over training: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:317-31. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00011.
28. Tanskanen M, Atalay M, Uusitalo A. Altered oxidative stress in overtrained athletes. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(3):309-17. DOI: 10.1080/02640410903473844.
29. Order From March 1, 2016 №134 «On the procedure for organizing the provision of medical assistance to persons involved in physical education and sports (including the preparation and conduct of physical education events and sporting events), including the procedure for medical examination of persons wishing to undergo sports training, physical culture and sports in organizations and (or) fulfill the standards of tests (tests) of the AllRussian physical culture and sports complex «Ready for labour and defense». Russian.
30. Korzhenevsky AN, Kurguzov GV, Klendar VA. Complex diagnostics of the special working capacity in elite boxers. Sport science bulletin. 2018;5:45-8. Russian.
31. Lee ЕС, Fragala MS, Kavouras SA, Queen RM, Pryor JL, Casa DJ. Biomarkers in sports and exercise: tracking health, performance, and recovery in athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;10:2920-37.
32. Ilyin VN, Alvani A, Filippov MM, Koval SB. Phenomenon of chronic fatigue in athletes. Ulyanovskiy mediko-biologicheskiy zhurnal. 2015;3:108-17. Russian.
33. Purvis D, Gonsalves S, Deuster PA. Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: Overtraining and Elite Athletes. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2010;2:442-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.03.025.
34. Rybina IL, Nehvjadovich AI, Shirkovets EA. Non-specific adaptive reactions in system for estimation of bioenergetics organism abilities in elite swimmers. Sport science bulletin. 2015;1:33-7. Russian.
35. Brain-computer interface, neurorehabilitation (2019). Available at: https://neurobotics.ru/neurophysiology/nejroreabilitacziya/ (accessed 28 October 2019).
36. Rybina IL, Shirkovec EA, Nehvyadovich AI. Laboratornye marker adaptacii organizma biatlonistov vysokoy kvalifikacii k trenirovochnym nagruzkam. Science in Olympic Sport. 2017;2:28-33. Russian.
37. Gleeson M. Biochemical and immunological markers of overtraining. J Sports Science and Medicine. 2002;1:31-41.
38. Lanskaya OV, Lanskaya EV. Electromyographic study of muscle activity in athletic students specializing in various sports. Journal «New research». 2017;1(50):50-64. Russian.
39. Rybina IL, Kuznetsova ZM. The use of creatine phosphokinase level in assessment of athletes’ urgent and long-term adaptation to training loads. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i medikobiologicheskie problem fizicheskoy kultury i sporta. 2015;3:150-8. Russian.
40. Mosin IV, Esaulov MN, Mosina IN. Middle-distance runners’ middle-altitude training process management mode. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. 2018;10:85-7. Russian.
41. Nikolaev AA, Medvedeva LE. Measurement and analysis of lactate samples, as a method of evaluation of training process of highly skilled sportsmen of kettlebell lifting. Science and sport: current trends. 2017;17(4):56-60. Russian.
42. Petrushova OP, Mikulyak NI. Blood acid-base balance of sportsmen during physical activity. Biomedical Chemistry. 2014;60(5):591-5. Russian.
43. Garkavi LH, Kvakina EB, Kuzmenko TS. Antistress reactions and activation therapy. Activation reaction as a way to health through self-organization processes. Moscow, Imedis, 1998. 656 p. Russian.
44. Linde E, Degtyaryova E, Linyaeva V. Prediction the development of stress-induced myocardial damage in young athletes. Lechebnaya fizkultura i sportivnaya meditsina (Exercise therapy and sports medicine). 2016;6(2):16-22. Russian.
45. Anihovskaya IA, Dvoenosov VG, Zhdanov RI, Kubatiev AA, Mayskiy IA, Markelova MM, Meshkov MV, Oparina ON, Salahov IM, Yakovlev MYu. Emotional stress as a clinical model to study the pathogenesis of the initial phase of the general adaptation syndrome. Pathological physiology and experimental therapy. 2015;59(4):87-93. Russian.
46. Oparina ON, Anihovskaya IA, Devyataev AM, Yakovleva MM. Antiendotoxin immunity indices and concentration of the intestinal flora lipopolysaccharide in human blood under the conditions of physical exercise. Human Physiology. 2004;30(1):120- 2. DOI: 10.1023/B:HUMP.0000013774.40170.6d. Russian.
47. Nazar P, Shevchenko Y, Osadchaia O, Levon M. Athlete's immune status during physical exercise. Science in Olympic Sport. 2014;1:37-43. Russian.
48. Emelyanov BA, Kalinkin LA, Morozov VN, Bobkov GA, Kozlovsky AP, Morozova OV, Metlyaev GN. Estimation of the immune reactivity of the organism of athletes. Sport science bulletin. 2015;1:20-6. Russian.
49. Klyuchnikov SO, Kozlov IG, Samoilov AS, Behtina EV, Balykova LA, Ivyanskia SA, Klyuchnikov MS, Davydova NV. Metabolic treatment of immunological disorders in juniors. Medical Council. 2014;(14):30-8. DOI: 10.21518/2079-701X-2014-14-30-38. Russian.
50. Myagkova MA, Petrochenko SN, Morozova VS. Detection of natural antibodies to endogenous bioregulators for the diagnostics of the functional state of the body. Russian Chemical Bulletin. 2018;67(4):762-7. DOI.org/10.1007/s11172-018-2134-3. Russian.
51. Spassky AA, Myagkova MA, Petrochenko SN, Ilyina AK. Determination of immunological indicators for the assessment of the functional state of hockey players. Lechebnaya fizkultura i sportivnaya meditsina (Exercise therapy and sports medicine). 2017;6(144):36-42. Russian.
Review
For citations:
Spassky A.A., Myagkova M.A., Levashova A.I., Kukushkin S.K., Kurshev V.V., Yanova J.V., Veselova L.V. Methodology of comprehensive assessment of the athlete's adaptive potential to the load. Sports medicine: research and practice. 2019;9(3):49-61. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17238/ISSN2223-2524.2019.3.49
Views:
4693
Email this article 