Aspects of the dynamics of osteogenesis and bone tissue resorption markers concentrations in elite biathlonists due to the compression specificity of the cyclic training aids used at the stages of the early season

Aim: study the dynamics of osteogenesis and bone resorption markers in elite biathlonists owing to the “compression” specifics of cyclic training aids, mainly used at the stages of the early season of the annual training cycle.
Materials and methods: 23 elite biathlonists undergoing centralized training as the members of the Russian national team took part in the study.
Results: no changes in the P1NP amounts reaching a reliable level were recorded throughout the early season. The average group osteocalcin amount at the precompetition stage significantly (p < 0,05) increased compared with that measured at the special preliminary stage. Dynamics of β-CrossLaps concentration showed significant (p < 0,05) decrease during the transition from the general preliminary to the special preliminary stage.
Conclusion: the degree of intense training activity influence on the activity of bone cells and in turn the response of bone tissue to training loads depend on a set of exercise parameters performed by the athlete, such as duration, intensity, specificity, recovery time and mechanical stress. Optimizing the ratio of cyclic aids with different levels of compression loads during specialized training promotes adaptive changes which protect bone tissue from resorption affected by intense physical exercises. When analyzing the levels of bone metabolism markers for diagnosis and monitoring disorders associated with skeletal overload which could occur high-intensity training loads, an individual approach as well as recognition of the load specifics and parameters performed by an athlete at a specific stage of the training macrocycle are required.

1. Abbott A., Bird M.L., Wild E., Brown S.M., Stewart G., Mulcahey M.K. Part I: epidemiology and risk factors for stress fractures in female athletes. Phys. Sportsmed. 2019;48(1):17–24. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2019.1632158

2. Hamstra-Wright K.L., Bliven K.C.H., Napier C. Training load capacity, cumulative risk, and bone stress injuries: a narrative review of a holistic approach. Front Sports Act. Living. 2021;3:665683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.665683

3. Kraus E., Tenforde A.S., Nattiv A., Sainani K.L., Kussman A., Deakins-Roche M., Singh S., Kim B.Y., Barrack M.T., Fredericson M. Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified female athlete triad cumulative risk assessment scores predict increased rates of injury. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019;53(4): 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099861

4. Frost H.M. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefining Wolff’s law: the bone modeling problem. Anat. Rec. 1990;226(4):403–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092260402

5. Miller T.L., Best T.M. Taking a holistic approach to managing difficult stress fractures. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2016;11(1):98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-016-0431-9

6. Bertelsen M.L., Hulme A., Petersen J., Brund R.K., Sorensen H., Finch C.F., Parner E.T., Nielsen R.O. A framework for the etiology of running-related injuries. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2017;27(11):1170–1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12883

7. Abbott A., Bird M., Brown S.M., Wild E., Stewart G., Mulcahey M.K. Part II: presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of stress fractures in female athletes. Phys. Sportsmed. 2019;48(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2019.1636546

8. Saunier J., Chapurlat R. Stress fracture in athletes. Joint Bone Spine. 2018;85(3):307–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.04.013

9. Banfi G., Lombardi G., Colombini A., Lippi G. Bone metabolism markers in sports medicine. Sports Med. 2010;40(8):697–714. https://doi.org/10.2165/11533090-000000000-00000.

10. Myakinchenko P.E., Kryuchkov A.S., Adodin N.V., Myakinchenko E.B. Comparison of training loads and fitness indicators of biathlonists and elite cross-country skiers. In: The modern system of sports training in biathlon: materials of the IX All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Omsk: SibGUFK Publ.; 2022. (In Russ.).

11. Мякинченко Е.Б., Крючков А.С., Фомиченко Т.Г. Силовая подготовка спортсменов высокого класса в циклических видах спорта с преимущественным проявлением выносливости. Москва: Спорт; 2022. Myakinchenko E.B., Kryuchkov A.S., Fomichenko T.G. Strength training of high-class athletes in cyclic sports with a predominant endurance exertion. Moscow: Sport Publ.; 2022. (In Russ.).

12. Fisher A., Fisher L., Srikusalanukul W., Smith P.N. Bone turnover status: classification model and clinical implications. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2018;15(4):323–338. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.22747

13. CLSI Document C28-A3c. Defining, establishing and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline. 3rd ed. Wayne, PA, USA: CLSI; 2008.

14. Евгина С.А., Савельев Л.И. Современные теория и практика референтных интервалов. Лабораторная служба. 2019;8(2):36–44. Evgina S.A., Savel’ev L.I. Modern theory and practice of reference intervals. Laboratory Service. 2019;8(2):36–44. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/labs2019802136