Biochemical indicators of sports achievements in highly qualified wrestlers

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.

Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).

Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.

Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes.

1. Schwellnus M., Soligard T., Alonso J-M., Bahr R., Clarsen B., Dijkstra HP., et al. How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016;50(17):1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572

2. Lopatina A.B. Theoretical aspects of changes in the biochemical parameters of the blood of an athlete’s body as an indicator of adaptation processes. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoi kul’tury i sporta = The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2014;9(2):115–120 (In Russ.).

3. Sharoiko V.V., Kuryanovich E.N., Borisova O.O. Prospects for the use of biomarkers in the system of physical training of athletes. In: Biomedical aspects of physical training and sports in the armed forces of the Russian Federation: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 180th anniversary of the birth of P.F. Lesgaft.. St. Petersburg: Military Institute of Physical Education; 2017, p. 156–167 (In Russ.).

4. Mikhailov S.S. Biochemistry of motor activity: a textbook for universities and colleges of physical culture. 6th edition. Moscow: Sport Publ.; 2016. 296 p. (In Russ.).

5. Khaitin V.Yu., Matveev S.V., Grishin M.Yu. The level of serum creatine phosphokinase as a criterion of recovery in professional soccer players during the competitive period. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: research and practice. 2018;8(4):22–27 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2223-2524.2018.4.22

6. Bessman S.P., Carpenter C.L. The creatine-creatine phosphate energy shuttle. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1985;54:831–862. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.004151

7. Gaddi A.V., Galuppo P., Yang J. Creatine Phosphate Administration in Cell Energy Impairmaent Conditions: a Summary of Past and Present Research. Heart Lung Circ. 2017;26(10):1026–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.020

8. Brancaccio P., Maffulli N., Limongelli F.M. Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br. Med. Bull. 2007;81-82:209–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm014

9. Radzhabkadiev R.V. Biochemical markers of adaptation of highly qualified athletes to various physical loads. Nauka i sport: sovremennye tendentsii = Science and sport: current trends. 2019;7(2):81–91 (In Russ.).

10. Plakunov V.K. Fundamentals of Enzymology. Moscow: Logos Publ.; 2002. 128 p. (In Russ.).

11. Сhirkin A., Stepanova N., Doaoub M.N., et al. Biochemical and anthropometric characteristics developed metabolic syndrome in athletes. In: 13 Intrrnat. Conf. on Biology and Medical Sciences, 15 march, 2017. Vienna: East West; 2017, p. 79–85.

12. Nikulin B.A, Rodionova I.I. Biochemical control in sports: scientific method. Moscow: Sovetskii sport Publ.; 2011. 232 p. (In Russ.).

13. Gryaznykh A.V. Testosterone / cortisol index as an endocrine marker of the processes of restoration of visceral systems after muscle tension. Chelovek. Sport. Meditsina = Human. Sport. Medicine. 2011;(20(237)):107–111 (In Russ.).

14. Ergasheva N.O. The study of protein metabolism under the influence of chemical and physical factors. Meditsinskie novosti [Medical News]. 2019;(6(297):81–82 (In Russ.).

15. Alpatov S.P., Rygalov M.A., Polyaev B.A., Kochetov A.G., Kozlov I.G. Comparative analysis of the state of cellular immunity of highly qualified wrestlers depending on the level of sports achievements. Lechebnaya fizkul’tura i sportivnaya meditsina [Physiotherapy and sports medicine]. 2015;(4(130)):20–23 (In Russian).

16. Alpatov S.P., Dibirova G.O., Kalinina E.V., Kochetov A.G., Konovalov I.V., Markina E.V., et al. The effect of preventive immunotherapy on indicators of cellular immunity of high-class martial art athletes depending on the level of sporting achievements. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports medicine: research and practice. 2018;8(4):46–54 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2223-2524.2018.4.46