Objective: to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of different surgical approaches in patients with multiligamentous knee injuries (MLKI) classified as Schenck type III (III‑L and III‑M).

Materials and methods. A retrospective comparative study included 43 patients with chronic knee instability following Schenck type III MLKI. Based on the surgical intervention performed, patients were divided into three groups: single‑stage reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL + PCL) without posterolateral corner (PLC) repair; single‑stage reconstruction of the ACL + PCL with PLC repair; and a two‑stage reconstruction group, where the first stage involved PCL and PLC reconstruction, followed by ACL reconstruction 6 months later. Outcomes were evaluated using IKDC and Lysholm scores, as well as stress radiography results.

Results. The two‑stage approach (Group 3) demonstrated significantly better outcomes according to IKDC and Lysholm scores (p < 0.01), improved stability on stress radiographs, and lower complication rates. Notably, 4 patients from Group 3 declined ACL reconstruction due to satisfactory functional recovery after the first stage.

Conclusion: The study findings demonstrate that for chronic multiligament knee injuries (Schenck type III), a two‑stage surgical strategy offers superior outcomes compared to single‑stage interventions. Staging the reconstruction of posterior and anterior structures not only improves functional scores and joint stability but also prevents excessive surgical trauma. Notably, satisfactory functional restoration is achieved in some patients after the first stage (PCL and PLC reconstruction) alone, rendering the second stage unnecessary. Therefore, a personalized two‑stage approach is the preferred strategy, ensuring optimal clinical results and high patient satisfaction.

Aim: compare the indicators of body component composition obtained using «smart scales» with the values calculated using standard formulas based on anthropometry data.

Materials and methods: 60 people (37 girls, 23 boys) were examined. The data obtained on measurements of skin fold thickness, girths and diameters, as well as information on body composition obtained using two «smart scale» models, were tabulated and further processed.

Results: when measuring body composition using two «smart scales» models and anthropometric formulas, male participants showed statistically significant differences in muscle mass (formulas — 46.67 % ± 1.06 %, OCOC — 38.80 % ± 1.46 %, PICOOC — 40.13 % ± 1.6 %; p<0.01), bone mass (formulas — 12.3 % ± 0.4 %, OKOK — 4.3 % ± 0.1 %, PICOOC — 4.37 % ± 0.13 %; p < 0.01), fat mass (formulas — 12.47 % ± 0.68 %, OKOK — 25.41 % ± 1.76 %, PICOOC — 23.17 % ± 1.74 %; p < 0.01) and the rate of basic metabolism (formulas — 1948.7 ± 48.5 kcal, OCOC — 1675.5 ± 50.8 kcal, PICOOC — 1718.2 ± 47.6 kcal; p < 0.01). There were also found significant differences in muscle mass (formulas — 50.36 % ± 0.66 %, OKOK — 39.51 % ± 1.17 %, PICOOC — 39.86 % ± 1.38 %; p < 0.01), bone mass (formulas — 9.4 % ± 0.18 %, OKOK — 5.11 % ± 0.07 %, PICOOC — 4.72 ± 0.07 %; p < 0.01) and fat mass (formulas — 15.86 ± 0.51 %, OCOC — 24.99 ± 0.99 %, PICOOC — 23.16 ± 0.89 %; p < 0.01) in women, however no statistically significant differences in the rate of basic metabolism were found (p > 0.05). There are also discrepancies in the bone mass indices of women obtained from different weight models (OCOC — 5.11 % ± 0.07 %, PICOOC — 4.72 ± 0.07 %; p < 0.05).

Conclusion: the discrepancies obtained indicate the need for further research to determine the accuracy of the methods used. Despite the availability of «smart scales» and anthropometric formulas for determining the component composition of a body, it is worthwhile combining several methods for determining the component composition of a body in order to eliminate a systematic error.

Purpose of the study: The study of the reaction of the blood microcirculation system in the upper extremities during physical activity (PA) in short-track athletes of different skill levels.

Materials and methods: The study involved male short-track skaters: 5 athletes aged 14–16 years, with a sports qualification level of 3–2 ranks, 6 athletes aged 14–16 years, with a sports qualification level of 1 rank, and 6 athletes aged 16–18 years, with a sports qualification level Candidate Master of Sports (СMS). The young athletes performed a controlled anaerobic physical load on a cycle ergometer for 3 minutes at a pedal rotation rate of 60 revolutions per minute. The load was set at 3 % of body weight. For athletes with 3^rd and 2^nd ranks, the load was 1.3 ± 0.2 kg, for those with 1^st rank, it was 1.6 ± 0.4 kg, and for Candidate Master of Sports, it was 1.8 ± 0.2 kg.

Blood microcirculation was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. The index of microcirculation (I_m), nutritive blood flow (M_nutr), and spectral components of the LDF signal were analyzed. Changes in the asymmetry coefficient of the parameters before and after PA were evaluated.

Results: Both before and after physical activity, I_m and M_nutr were higher in the right forearm. The coefficient of asymmetry for I_m and M_nutr decreased for all groups after physical activity, while the asymmetry in the amplitude of fluctuations in regulatory mechanisms increased as the rank of athletes increased, indicating the development of local mechanisms to support hemodynamic stability in the body as skill level increased. Maximum changes were noted for I_m, M_nutr, and myogenic oscillations amplitudes, indicating high vascular reactivity and effective redistribution of blood flow to nutritive channels to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients, particularly for Candidates Master of Sports, indicating better adaptation to physical activity.

Conclusion: Obtained data confirm the existence of functional asymmetry in microcirculation, which decreases under the influence of physical activity. Athletes with a higher level of training demonstrate better adaptive abilities. These results can be used to optimize training processes by taking into account functional asymmetries.

Purpose of the study: To determine the effects of physical exercise resistance training and aerobic exercise on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in women with a sedentary lifestyle.

Methods: Thirty-three female respondents with sedentary lifestyle were randomly selected and divided into three groups: resistance training group (n = 11), aerobic training group (n = 11), and control group (n = 11). Study participants were between 18 and 26 years old. Data collection took place over the course of two days, beginning with the collection of information regarding the characteristics of the subjects. Before the exercise, the subjects had their blood drawn as pre-test data. The subjects were then instructed to warm up. Then, the subjects performed physical exercises according to their group. After the exercise intervention, blood samples were taken as post-test data.

Results: The data showed that training significantly increased IGF-1 levels in resistance training group (p = 0.012).

Conclusion: acute resistance exercise has the potential to raise IGF-1 levels. Growth hormone’s effects are mediated by IGF-1, which is also essential for controlling somatic growth and organ development, including brain. Resistance training can be recommended as an alternative exercise for people with a sedentary lifestyle to improve cognitive function.

The issue of admission to sports and competitions for children with CNS developmental abnormalities remains relevant in our time. In some cases, general practitioners who do not know the «specifics» of a particular sport make the decision on admission. Brain abnormalities often do not have a specific clinical picture and are detected “accidentally” during an MRI (CT) scan of the brain, or complicate the course of injury. Arachnoid cysts (AK) occur in 1 % of all MRI (CT) examinations. One of the possible complications of the clinical course of AK may be its rupture during a head injury or fall. The development of criteria for the admission of children to sports and competitions has not yet been resolved, especially for sports with increased risk of injury.

The purpose of the study: presentation of a clinical case of an unusual rupture of the AK in a young boxer due to a head injury.

Materials and methods: a case of an unusual rupture of the AK after a head injury sustained at a competition is described. The results of clinical and radiation studies are presented.

Conclusion: This case illustrates the expediency of a more complete examination of young athletes before and during competitions, especially in sports associated with “increased” injury risk, with the inclusion of MRI (CT) of the brain in the examination, and the development of clear criteria for admission and non-admission to classes and competitions.

Purpose of the study: to analyse the institutional structure of scientific and methodological support (SMS) for the training of athletes in the United States, based on the activities of major organisations in the field of sports science.

Methods: systematisation of data, structural and comparative analysis of materials, documents, annual and financial reports of national public organisations responsible for SMS in the United States.

Results. The search systematised information on existing organisations in the field of scientific support for athlete training in the United States and identified the main areas of activity and approaches to financing scientific support programmes for athlete training. It was established that the US National Olympic and Paralympic Committees, as well as the NCAA Institute of Sports Science, are key organisations in the field of scientific support for elite athletes. Furthermore, the International Association of Sports Sciences and the American College of Sports Medicine are not involved in sports science and scientific support for sports, predominantly conducting commercial educational activity in the professional training and development of coaches and fitness instructors. Neither SHAPE America (formerly NASPE) is engaged in scientific support for elite sport – their focus is school and community physical education, teacher standards, and public health-oriented promotion of physical activity, rather than athlete training. Universities are also involved in the field of scientific support for sport in the United States, however their fragmented participation does not contribute to the formation of a unified base of scientific knowledge in the field of SMS training for athletes.

Conclusion. The analysis identified the main areas of activity of organizations in the field of scientific support for sport in the United States and demonstrated their functional role in the training of highly skilled athletes and the implementation of scientific developments in the process of sports training.

The analysis of the publication activity of Russian specialists in sports medicine is relevant due to the requirements of various leading scientific and educational organizations regarding scientometric indicators, key among which are the Hirsch index, the number of publications, and citations in leading databases.

The purpose of the conducted study was to assess the scientific productivity of researchers affiliated with Russian scientific, medical, and educational institutions where employees potentially interested in sports medicine may work. For this, scientometric indicators of authors of the journal “Sports Medicine: Science and Practice,” faculty members of specialized departments in higher education institutions (universities), and doctors of sports teams competing in professional sports leagues were studied in the Scopus database.

Based on the analysis, a ranking of the top 50 specialists with the highest Hirsch index was formed. The leader among universities was Sechenov University (6 specialists), one specialist from the university of St. Petersburg (Pavlov University). The Hirsch index of these researchers ranged from 7 to 12, with three of them having an index of more than 10. The conducted analysis of publication activity showed that the number of Russian specialists in the field of sports medicine with a Hirsch index and citation count in international databases meeting global standards remains comparatively small.