Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.

Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).

Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.

Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes.

Objective: to investigate the role of psychophysiological processes in achieving sports results.

Materials and methods: the driving force of sports behavior was measured in free­divers, basketball players and athletes, which consisted of motivation to achieve sports results, emotional stress, situational information, hypoxic stability, and physical endurance. Then the sportsmen rotated the pedals of the bicycle ergometer with simultaneous intermittent breath holdings from 20 to 60 s.

Results: it has been established that all components of the driving force of behavior are necessary for the sports activity of all groups of sportsmen. For the driving force of free­divers’ behavior, hypoxic stability is of greatest importance (r = 0.59), for basketball players — emotional stress (r = 0.6) and for athletes — emotional stress and situational information (r = 0.71 and 0.58). In addition, hypoxic stability and physical endurance directly affect the final sports result (r = 0.7 and 0.65) in conjunction with the driving force of behavior (r = 0.53).

Conclusion: sports result is provided by the driving force behind the behavior of sportsmen. For free­divers, hypoxic stability is of primary importance, for basketball players — physical endurance and emotional stress, and for athletes — the totality of all components of the driving force of behavior.

Objective: to search for markers of health risk in ice hockey players by the blood parameters.

Materials and methods: a total of 40 blood parameters (that characterize nutrient metabolism, humoral immunity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, the system of antioxidant protection) in hockey players with different body weights were evaluated 2.5, 4, and 6 months of the playing season (n = 39).

Results: the levels of uric acid and creatinine indicated insufficient recreation of the organism after the games. Creatine phosphokinase­MB and AST indicated the influence on the cardiovascular muscle (verified by the De Ritis ratio). Dyslipidemia was the main factor of cardiovascular risk. Cortisol indicated the prevalence of catabolic processes and psychoemotional tension. The changes in the levels of immunoglobulins and C­reactive protein could result from a compensatory reaction of the organism to stress. The oxidized glutathione indicated the accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation and ongoing oxidative stress. The insufficiency in vitamins of groups B and E could decrease the effectiveness of enzymatic systems and enzymatic links of the oxidant system. The insufficiency of chrome could impair carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Conclusion: predictors for prenosological diagnostics of general health were established. They included urea, total cholesterol of high and low density, vitamin­mineral balance parameters, isoform of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, cortisol, and glutathione. Professional activity had the most negative influence on the health of sportsmen with lower body weight.

Objective: to study the effect of genetic polymorphisms: rs rs9939609 (FTO gene), rs4994 (ADRB3 gene), rs1042713 (ADRB2 gene), rs2228570 (VDR gene), rs1801133 (MTHFR gene) on anthropometric and lipid metabolism indicators in athletes representing martial arts.

Materials and methods: studies of anthropometric and biochemical parameters, genetic polymorphisms were carried out in 120 athletes (101 men and 19 women) who are engaged in martial arts. Anthropometric studies were performed by measuring height (cm), body weight (kg), followed by calculating body mass index (BMI, kg / m2). Biochemical nutritional status markers were determined using the ABX Pentra 400 analyzer (HORIBA ABX SAS, France) in an automatic mode. Genotyping was performed using allele­specific amplification using TaqMan probes complementary to polymorphic DNA regions and real­time detection of the results using reagent kits from Syntol, Russia. Studies were performed on the device CFX96 Real Time System (Bio­Rad, USA). Statistical processing of the results was performed using the PASW Statistics 20 system.

Results: as a result of generic Diovan athletes martial artists on the risk of non­communicable diseases, discovered that the frequency of allele A of rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene they have is 43.9 %, allele polymorphism rs4994 ADRB3 gene — 10.9 %, G allele of rs1042713 ADRB2 gene polymorphism — 52.6 %, G allele of the polymorphism rs2228570 VDR gene with 44.9 % and allele t of rs1801133 in the MTHFR gene to 36.7 %. An association was found between the value of anthropometric indicators in male martial artists and the presence of polymorphisms rs9939609 (FTO), rs1042713 (ADRB2) and rs2228570 (VDR).

Conclusions: the reason for the identified dyslipidemia in martial artists may be not only the previously detected violations of the structure of their nutrition, but also the presence of certain genetic polymorphisms, in particular, rs4994 of the ADRB3 gene and rs1042713 of the ADRB2 gene.

 The COVID­19 pandemic has affected all inhabitants of the planet, of all ages and professions, including professional athletes. In connection with the resumption of various sports events, it became necessary to create criteria for admitting an athlete to the training and competitive process. In the British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM) on February 08, 2021 the authors Niall Elliott, Rhodri Martin, Neil Heron, Jonathan Elliott, Dan Grimstead and Anita Biswas published an infographic of the stages of returning to sports activity after suffering COVID­19. An adapted translation was made by a team of authors and provided in the form of a short message for publication. 

The article describes the general principles of manual lymphatic drainage correction. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of its application in the complex therapy of recreational rehabilitation of athletes with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS).

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of general manual lymphatic drainage correction in the treatment of athletes with MPS.

Materials and Methods: a total of 30 rugby players were examined. All athletes from the main group received physiotherapy, general lymphatic drainage massage. Patients from the control group underwent the same procedures and general massage without lymphatic drainage correction. The course of therapy included 6 procedures.

Results: tensoalgometric parameter values in athletes from the main group increased by more than 5 times after lymphatic drainage correction. In sportsmen from the control group, these parameter values decreased.

Conclusion: the application of manual lymphatic drainage contributes to the active restoration of myotatic reflex of physical muscles and regress of pain syndrome in athletes.

Objective: to determine a component body composition of students specializing in volleyball and athletics and to conduct a comparative analysis of the results.

Materials and methods: the study was conducted at the Department of physical training and sports at the Yaroslavl State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study included students from different groups of physical training: volleyball (10 men and 10 women), athletics (10 women) (experimental groups), and first­year students that attended physical training classes (14 men and 16 women) (control group).

Results: significant differences were revealed between the anthropometric measurements in the experimental groups of the studied women and between the results of anthropometric measurements in the female volleyball players, female athletes, and students from the control group. Significant differences were revealed in the component body composition of the studied women from the experimental and control groups. The analysis of the results of anthropometric measurements in the experimental and control groups of men did not reveal any significant differences between the parameters. Bioimpedancemetry revealed significant differences in the composition of the internal milieu of volleyball players in comparison with the control group.

Conclusions: 1. differences were revealed in the component composition of the body of female athletes involved in game­based and cyclic kinds of sport as well as in the parameters of bio­impedance of female volleyball players and the control group. Female volleyball players had higher parameters of total body fluids, intracellular and extracellular fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in comparison with female light athletes and the control group. The differences in the obtained results were more significant in the experimental groups. 2. Bio­impendance analysis of men showed significant differences in the component body composition of volleyball players in comparison with untrained students. The parameters of total body fluids, fat­free, fat, and active cell mass in sportsmen exceeded the same parameters in the control group. 3. Differences were established in the anthropometric parameters depending on the sport­oriented specialization of female students. Female volleyball players had higher values of mass, length, body weight index, and body surface area, the circumferences of the pelvis, thighs, and wrists in comparison with the results obtained in female light athletes. Similar differences were revealed in the anthropometric parameters of female volleyball players and students from the control group. Significantly lower values of the body weight index, circumference of the chest and pelvis of female athletes were registered in comparison with students from the control group. Male volleyball players did not have significant differences in the anthropometric parameters. They tended to have an increase in the body mass, length and surface area of the body, circumference of the chest, thighs, and wrists.

Objective: despite the fact that anterior cruciate ligament injuries are the most common ligament injuries, the problem of making a quick and accurate diagnosis still exists. in our paper, we hypothesized that a modification of the Lachman test — BK21 (Kacprzak test), in comparison to the Lachman test and Drop Leg test will allow for a significant reduction of pain during the test, and thus for less muscular defense, more relaxation, and more reliable test results, whose sensitivity and specificity will be confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Materials and methods: using the patient’s subjective pain rating scale, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), we were able to easily assess which way of performing the test was less traumatic for the patient. a physical examination in the form of a comparison of those two visits was performed at the private medical office Orto Med Sport in 203 patients with suspected anterior cruciate ligament tear.

Results: the BK21 modification (Kacprzak) test was on average 3 points less painful on the NRS scale than the classic Lachman test and 1 point less painful than the Drop Leg test, while the same principle of operation and analogous endpoints in both tests allow for high sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Conclusion: the BK21 test was a less traumatic and painful alternative to the Lachman test.

A review of the literature is devoted to the problem of complications after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The authors covered questions of epidemiology and surgical technique, touched on important aspects of the main complications, such as graft damage, arthrofibrosis and impingement syndrome, the formation of synovial cysts, infections, the development of osteoarthritis and cartilage degeneration. Despite the prevalence of pathology, a huge number of publications and the development of arthroscopic surgery, there are many theoretical and technical problems, that have not yet found a satisfactory solution and require further development. A relevant question for the doctor is the problem of correctly choosing the method or combination methods for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in relation for each patient, considering the individual characteristics and possible risks of developing different complications in patient.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of psychocorrection based on the methods of self­regulation in athletes.

Materials and methods: the effectiveness was evaluated on 104 male athletes who had an optimal level of psychoemotional state of the body during a background examination by electroencephalography (EEG). The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups of psychocorrection: control, EEGtraining, and VR­therapy. Mathematical and statistical processing was carried out in Statistica 7.

Results: the average values of the wave intensity index (WII) after psychological correction using the following methods: EEG­training and VRtherapy showed positive EEG dynamics in athletes of the second group (EEG­training) 65,6 % (21) and the third group (Vr­therapy) 73,8 % (31) of the subjects, respectively. Whereas in the control group, self­healing was recorded in 9 (30 %) athletes without psychocorrection procedures.

Conclusion: the quantitative criterion of WII is a universal informative indicator of the functional activity of the brain for evaluating the effectiveness of psychocorrection aimed at optimizing the psychoemotional state. Psychocorrection of athletes using EEG­training and VR­therapy provides efficiency in 73.8 and 65.6 % of cases, which significantly softens pre­start tension as a result of reducing anxiety and restoring the psychoemotional state of the body to an optimal level by involving the psychological reserve.