Objective: to investigate markers of anaerobic energy supply in overworked athletes after the combination rehabilitation. Materials and methods: all athletes were divided into two subgroups: 2nd A-subgroup (23 persons) - overworked athletes with combined rehabilitation and 2nd B-subgroup (24th) - athletes with traditional rehabilitation. Results: concentration of lactic acid in the blood of athletes of the 2nd A subgroup at rest is minimal in comparison with the 2nd B subgroup and 1-group athletes, P < 0,05-0,01. After the stress test there is an increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the 2nd A subgroup, P < 0.01. After the stress test athletes 2^nd A subgroups, the level of lactate dehydrogenase is higher than that of athletes 2nd B subgroups. Conclusions: low concentration of lactic acid at rest in athletes of the 2nd A subgroup indicates the adaptation and energy saving of these young men, which is due to the prevalence of aerobic mechanisms in energy supply.

Objective: to study the state of the processes of endogenous intoxication, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant protection in the saliva of athletes during exercise and during the recovery period after it. Materials and methods: the study includes 20 professional athletes and 40 volunteers who do not have regular high physical exertion. Samples of saliva in athletes were taken three times: at rest, 10-15 minutes after training and again at rest; in the control group - once. In the samples, the content of products of lipoperoxidation, endogenous intoxication, activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined. Results: it is shown that the training process is accompanied by an intensification of the processes of lipoperoxidation and endogenous intoxication. In the recovery period, the level of lipid peroxidation products remains elevated, and the content of protein toxins quickly returns to normal. The activity of antioxidant enzymes after exercise is reduced, but increases in the recovery period. This is due to compensatory mechanisms in the antioxidant defense system. Conclusions: it is necessary to monitor the parameters of the subjects for timely correction of the effects of oxidative stress.

Objective: to examine the correlation between heart rate variability and plasma level of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in cross-country skiers. Materials and methods: the short-term heart rate variability (HRV) was examined in 19 high-trained male cross-country skiers from national team of the Komi Republic. The ECG recordings were analyzed using with the Ecosan-2007 complex. ALA analysis was performed on a gas chromatograph (Chromatek, Russia). Results: the plasma levels of ALA were positively associated with the relative value of high-frequency power and negatively correlated with the indices of centralization and vagosympathetic interaction and with absolute and relative values of low-frequency power. Conclusions: a lower plasma level of ALA in athletes was associated with the appearance of slow waves of higher orders, indicating a non-optimal level of regulation of heart rhythm.

The article demonstrates the dynamics of heart rate variability and markers of prooxidant-antioxidant status in oral fluid of elite athletes in response to physical exercises with addition of royal jelly and coenzyme Q10 suspended in honey to the food ration. Objective: to study of the effects of «royal jelly-coenzyme Q10-honey» composition on heart rate variability (HRV) and prooxidant/antioxidant homeostasis of the elite athletes during physical exercise. Materials and methods: the following methods were used to investigate prooxidant/antioxidant homeostasis indices: induced biochemiluminescence, determination of lipid peroxidation products content, enzymatic method of measuring the concentration of lactate and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the oral fluid. Cardiorhythmogram was tested by means of variation pulsometry, statistical method to estimate HRV and spectral analysis of cardio intervals. Results: «royal jelly-coenzyme Q10-honey» composition reduces activity of the sympathetic nervous system, enhances tone of nervusvagus, improves neurohumoral regulation of the heart rate, reduces concentration of lactate, decreases intensification of free radical processes, inhibits the formation of lipid peroxidation products and increases the physical performance in athletes. Conclusions: «royal jelly-coenzymeQ10-honey» composition contributes to mobilize organism’s reserve capacity.

The mTOR enzyme plays an important role in the transmission of extracellular signals through the phosphorylation of numerous substrates in various metabolic reactions of the human body. Expression of mTOR occurs in response to changes in metabolic demands of the muscle cell and leads to increased protein metabolism. Among the substances that increase the catalytic activity of mTOR one of the main places is occupied by phosphatidic acid, the content of which in skeletal muscles increases when performing physical exertion. Studies of recent years indicate the important role of phosphatidic acid in increasing the intensity of the synthesis of muscle proteins. So, there is the need to consider the current state of knowledge about the involvement of phosphatidic acid in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. The review presents the results of studies published over the last few years, which expand the understanding of the effects of phosphatidic acid in the human body.

The review presents modern data characterizing the features of the energy exchange of athletes engaged in combat sport. The general principles of diet formation for combat athletes taking into account the basis of optimal nutrition, dependence on the period of sports activity (training, competition, and recovery), the duration and intensity of physical exertion are described. Based on results of recent studies published by Russian and foreign authors, the substantiation for the energy density of chemical composition of the diet (the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, macro- and microelement) and hydration regime of combat athletes is given. The issues of food distribution during the day are affected, depending on the training and competitive process. Particular attention is paid to the use of specialized products and dietary supplements, as well as personalization of nutrition, which is based on individual studying of the nutritional status of combat athletes.

Objective: the analysis of changes in stabilometric indices during the successive standing of the test subject on various types of orthopedic insoles, focusing on the study of the influencing factors. Materials and methods: 38 healthy volunteers (26 women and 12 men), aged 37±5 with out pathology of feet, experimental insoles of different hardness, stabilometry, mathematical analysis. Results: the effect of the «novelty» of the material affects the stability of the vertical posture. Conclusions: among other possible factors, when designing an adequate technique for analyzing the effectiveness of foot orthotics, it is necessary to take into account the full range of possible non-target influencing factors, including fast ones, such as the «novelty» factor.

Objective: to identify the most effective method for anxiety assessment in athletes. Materials and methods: the selective criteria were formulated and comparative analysis of 9 most commonly used methods of assessing the level of anxiety was made. 79 athletes of combat sports were tested (34 men, 45 women) in the preparative period of training with Lusher's color test and the integrative anxiety test by A.P. Bizyuk, L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev. Results: among nine methods most frequently mentioned in the literature, Lusher's color test with the calculation of diagnostic coefficients and the integrative anxiety test by A.P. Bizyuk, L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev were most consistent with the stated criteria. There were significant correlations between the calculated indices of Luscher's color test, which have physiological explanation: the correlation between the vegetative coefficient and the total deviation from the autogenic norm, mental working capacity, situational anxiety, and between total deviation from the autogenic norm and mental performance, sex (increase in the deviation from the autologous norm corresponds to a decrease in mental performance, an increase in the level of anxiety, parasympathetic tone, and need for rest and energy accumulation). The athletes have the low level of situational anxiety and an average level of personal anxiety if compared with average population values. Conclusions: the findings complement the results of other researchers who also confirmed the validity of use of color test and integrative anxiety test in professional sports to identify the threatening breakdown of mental adaptation and psycho-correction work among athletes.

Objective: to study the level of volitional self-regulation and emotional burnout in male sambo-athletes who underwent sports injuries of various degrees of severity. Materials and methods: 60 male sambo-athletes were examined. They were divided into 3 groups of 20 people in each group based on types of sports injuries. Results: significantly (p=0.001) lower level of volitional self-regulation was found in the third group who underwent more injuries (total scale: Q₁=6,0; Me=8,0; Q₃=10,0; «perseverance»: Q₁=5,0; Me=5,5; Q₃=8,0; «self-control»: Q₁=4,0; Me=4,5; Q₃=5,0). More pronounced emotional burnout occured in athletes who had more injuries (Q₁=64,5; Me=69,0; Q₃=71,0; p=0,001). Inadequate emotional response and emotional and moral disorientation was leveled down with aggravation of the severity of injuries (Q₁=25,0; Me=44,0; Q₃=61,0; p=0,039). Adaptation systems strain is manifested by a marked emotional exhaustion and decrease in volitional self-regulation with an increase in the number of injuries. Conclusions: if incidence and severity of injuries increases in sambo-athletes the level of volitional self-regulation reduces and emotional burnout occurs, which is characterized by the stress of the system of psychological adaptation.

Objective: to study the influence of hypoventilation's trainings combined with physical exercises on the person's functional state and its physical working capacity in physical work to failure. Materials and methods: 18 young men were examined, and it were divided into 2 groups: main (12 persons) and control (6 persons). Only subjects of the main group were studied to hypoventilation breathing in combination with physical exercises. Before and after the training all subjects performed load testing on a bicycle ergometer to failure under ECG, pneumogram and EMG monitoring. Results: hypoventilation breathing combined with physical exercises was increased the work's time to failure from 165,1±25,6 to 307,3±52,0 s (p <0.05) in the subjects of the main group. At the same time, there was a tendency to decrease a muscle effort and a significant increasing of the «physiological price» from 118,9±8,0 to 161,1±21,6% (p <0.05). These indices were remained practically unchanged in persons of the control group. Conclusions: hypoventilation breathing in combination with physical exercises increases the physical performance of the subjects, but it's requires increasing the «physiological price».