Objective: the purpose of the research was to study of different types of spinal inhibition when performing voluntary movements in persons doing increasing intensity graded physical exercises sports. Materials and methods: 45 male took part in the research. Presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents of soleus was evaluated using the technique of Y. Mizuno et al., nonreciprocal inhibition of α-motoneurons - by E. Pierrot-Deseilligny et al, and reciprocal inhibition of α-motoneurons - by C. Crone et al., in the state of relative muscular rest and during a 30-second isometric contraction with a force of 25% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using the multijoint medical-diagnostic complex «Biodex». Results: it was established that weakening of inhibitory processes occurred in comparison with the state of relative muscular rest in the course of a 30-second isometric contraction; this pattern is related to the specificity of supraspinal excitatory and inhibitory effects on Ia and Ib interneurons in the spinal cord when performing a voluntary movement. The voluntary movement performed for 30 seconds was accompanied by an increased activity of the presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents of foot flexor, unlike reciprocal and nonreciprocal inhibition. Conclusions: the voluntary movement presynaptic inhibition must be actively regulating the excess afferent input to α-motoneurons of agonist and antagonist lower leg muscles, accelerating nonreciprocal and reciprocal inhibitory effects rendered on them, providing normal motor activity in man. New data derived from such research can be a theoretical basis for the study of physiological patterns of involvement of cortical and spinal neuronal inhibition networks underlying motor tasks of different complexity in athletes.

Objective: to develop an adaptation control technology to the hot climate for elite athletes. Materials and methods: data analysis, summarizing the experience of adaptation and acclimatization measures in preparation of national teams of Russia for the major international competitions; development and testing of integrated technologies for acceleration and optimization of the athletes’ body state in the light of specific features of the sport in a hot and humid climate. Results: materials about preparation of teams of the USSR and Russia for the largest international competition in hot and humid climates were analyzed. ^e plan of implementation of an integrated management technology for adaptation of athletes was developed at the stage of immediate preparation for major competitions and included activities in three areas: organizational, scientific-methodical and educational. Methodological recommendations were developed including monitoring of the athletes’ status and prevention of disorders of the major organs and systems. Conclusions: an acclimatization training camp should be advantageously carried out in an intermediate geographic area, similar in time zone, climatic and geographic characteristics of the competition place. The sport team should be moved to the competition place within two or three days before the championship’s beginning. It is important to monitor hydration status, electrolyte balance and levels of key hormones in the process of adaptation.

Objective: to evaluate the functional state of cardio, neuro-endocrine and central nervous systems of highly skilled sportsmen of endurance sports under specific load. Materials and methods: 20 highly skilled short-trackers took part in the research. Evaluation of the functional state of cardiorespiratory system was carried out using a load test on the ergospirometry system SCHILLER; hormone levels, blood biochemical parameters were measured by solid phase of the enzyme immunoassay analysis on the photometer of vertical scanning «StatFax 303 Plus» (Germany); energy metabolism in the central nervous system was appreciated by the method of neyroenergocharting. Results: the parameters of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of highly skilled short-trackers were comparable to that in the short-trackers with degrees. Specific physical activity caused the increasing of energy processes in the central and frontal areas of the cortex, the increasing of ThG, Т₄, ACTG, cortisol, β-endorphin (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusions: sport achievements in cyclic sports connect with the use of the integrated approach in the assessment of the functional state. Functional state of the cardio, neuro-endocrine and central nervous systems can be used as one of the parameters it the medical-biological control, besides the biochemical analysis of blood before and after the load can be conducted.

Objective: researching of stabilometric parameters of primary school children, doing complex coordination types of sport and having the features of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD). Materials and methods: 36 children at the age from 7 to 11 years engaged in gymnastics and sports aerobics were examined. All athletes were divided into two groups, taking into account the presence or absence of UCTD signs based on results of a screening algorithm «Outward signs score of systemic involvement of connective tissue in children». Postural function assessment was carried out by the standard method (intermediate foot position) on the «Force plate ST-150». Results: athletes with UCTD were worse than their healthy peers across the majority of stabilometric indicators (p<0.05). Indicators in both groups were higher than the physiological age norm. Statistically significant differences were found among such UCTD grounds as the dolichostenomelia and arachnodactyly. In the group of healthy children postural stability is provided mostly by the proprioceptive system, and in children with UCTD the leading system is the visual system. Conclusions: athlets with dysplasia with dolichostenomelia and arachnodactyly need special (rehabilitation) activites on stabiloplatform with biofeedback for improving postural stability in the course of training process.

Objective: comparison of psychological, physiological and biochemical markers in female basketball players and ski runners. Materials and methods: we investigated 8 female basketball players and 12 ski runners. For this we used questionnaire «Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes», maximal bicycle ergometer endurance exercise test and biochemical analysis of venous blood. Results: we showed that female basketball players had, in comparison with ski runners, higher levels of sports stress, injury susceptibility - but also had higher self-efficacy values. Basketball players had higher average height, body mass and percentage of body fat, and higher oxygen pulse at rest. At the same time, they had lower efficacy and maximal oxygen consumption in maximal bicycle ergometer endurance exercise test. Female basketball players had lower plasma aspartate aminotransferase and total protein levels. Conclusions: we conclude that observed differences between female basketball players and ski runners were caused by differences in the initial selection criteria for basketball and ski running. Those initial dissimilarities were further reinforced by differences in typical physical tasks and demands, specific for their respective sports. Training regimens and other factors of the preparatory process also added to the differences observed between groups.

Literature data analysis along with decades of experience in sports medicine (biochemistry of sports included) enabled us to classify and explain key points that would be appropriate to consider when conducting biochemical research in sports, but in doing so we believe that the relevant research studies make just a part of a comprehensive medical and pedagogical monitoring.

Objective: the purpose of the present research was the complex assessment of the influence of natural compounds on high-speed characteristics, working capacity, endurance of laboratory mice during physical activities. Materials and methods: actoprotective activity of natural compounds was estimated by the method of shuttle swimming in laboratory mice, anti-hypoxic activity of natural compounds was evaluated on two models: histotoxic and circulatory model. Results: administration of the ATACL compound increased the high-speed and power characteristics and endurance of laboratory animals and also positively affected both histotoxic and circulatory hypoxia. Conclusions: study results showed that compounds under the ATACL code had the most profound actoprotective and anti-hypoxic effects in comparison with other studied compounds. At the same time the pharmacological effect of the use of this compound was comparable to that of the use of reference drugs at all stages of the experiment.

Frequency of Achilles tendon injury increases. The lack of standardized methods of rehabilitation after surgery on the Achilles tendon leads to increased risk of repeated injury of tendon and reduces the possibility of coming round to physical activity. Recovery of function is the main task of rehabilitation programs, especially in athletes. This article sets out the basic principles of remedial actions. It can be used with patients of different levels of physical activity and it can be modified according to the task performed and features of surgical treatment in order to achieve optimal results.

Objectives: the research is focused on investigation of the efficacy and safety of «VIVAX SPORT» revitalizing products in case of physical excretion. Materials and methods: the research involved 10 persons (6 men and 4 women) engaged in intensive physical activities (gym, football, basketball), 10 persons with injuries from sports (bruises and closed wounds after football and volleyball), 3 persons with skin burns. Microcirculation improvement was assessed by means of thermal-imaging method, using ULTRASONS device with uninterrupted ultrasound. Moisture content value in tissues was assessed by means of rheovasography, using computerized «Diamant» rheographic device, pH-metry. Autoflora of forehead skin was assessed by agarinic prints method in 15 volunteers. Results: the research evidenced significant difference in skin heat indices before and after physical activities, which was neutralized by application of «VIVAX SPORT» relaxant cream: upon completion of the procedure skin temperature decreased and remained significantly lower. ^e difference of skin heat indices before and after application of restorative cream evidenced the increase of thermal emission and intensive tissue warm-up. Appliance of regenerating cream resulted in 4,63% temperature rise as compared to the indices before physical activity. The achieved effect of increased microcirculation in skin and muscles remained. Application of relaxant cream neutralized extra-hydration in the damaged tissues, which contributed to decongestion. The results of pH-metry and microbiological study of the forehead skin autoflora revealed some changes within the physiological range. Conclusions: the results of the research on specific activity of the «VIVAX SPORT» cream series evidenced high efficacy, acceptability and safety of the said products.

Objective: to evaluate a daily profile of arterial pressure in young athletes (cross country skiers) during inter-competition period. Materials and methods: the research involved 58 people aged 18 to 30 years (30 healthy athletes involved in skiing and 28 untrained young persons). The ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was conducted in all participants. Results: analysis of ABPM results among young athletes and untrained individuals showed that the daily average systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) above the normal range (> 135/85 mm Hg) was observed in5 athletes of the first group (16.6%) and in 3 participants of the second group (10.7%). The daytime average systolic and diastolic blood pressure (> 140/90 mm Hg) was detected in 8 sportsmen of the first group (20.6%) and in 2 individuals of the second group (7.1%). The night average SBP and DBP (> 125/75 mm Hg) was detected in 6 sportsmen of the first group (20.0%) and in 4 particpants of the second group(14.2%). According to the degree of BP night fall the category of «Dipper» included 15 sportsmen (50%) from the first group and 20 sportsmen (71.4%)from the second group. The category of «Non-Dipper» included 8 sportsmen (26.6%) from the first group and 2 persons (7.1%) from the second group. The category of «Night-peaker» included6 sportsmen (20%) from the first group and 4 sportsmen (14.2%) from the second group. The category of «Over-Dipper» included5 sportsmen (16.6%) from the first group and 2 persons (7.1%) from the second group. Conclusions: 33.2% of the athletes showed increased blood pressure (I-st and II-nd degree) in inter-competitionseason. The average daily blood pressureincreased in 16.6% of young athletes. 50% of the athletes showed a fluctuation of dailyprofile of arterial pressurewith little decreaseor nightincrease ofblood pressure. Young athletes showed significantly higher rates of the following indicators: the daily average, the daytime average and the nightly average blood pressure levels, predominantly variability of systolic blood pressure, hypertension time index compared with healthy untrained persons.

One of the integrated indicators of a harmony of physical development of an organism is the body mass index, which allows to estimate a relationship of the body weight to its the body height. Objective: to evaluate an influence of regular practice of various sports on harmonicity of physical development of the of young athletes of Uzbekistan. Materials and methods: 13849 athletes aged from 11 to 17 years (9973 boys and 3876 girls) residents of Tashkent, Nukus, Samarkand, Gulistan, Karshi and Urgench were examined. Depending on the sport and the period of the training sessions, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: children with training period up to 1 year (1 group - control group), children engaged in sports for 1-2 years (group 2) and children engaged in sports for 3 and more years (3rd group). Somatometric and calculation methods were used. Results: normal values of body mass index in female and male enlarged with training irrespective of sport. Youth athletes engaged in sport 3 and more years were characterized by a normal ratio of growth and body weight. Normal body mass index in study groups were found more often than in the control group. Conclusions: it is necessary to carry out a timely assessment of physical development in youth for implementation of individual approach to choice of sport and determination of optimum value of physical activity.

Objective: tto identify potential pedagogical causes for disorders in the functional state of the musculoskeletal system in young track and field athletes. Materials and methods: following activities were performed: analysis of 10 training programs used across Russia for young track and field athletes in terms of physiological, biomechanical and pedagogical content; study of results from questionnaire survey conducted among coaches of young track and field athletes; interpretation of the data obtained with the aim to identify key pedagogical risk factors resulting in physiological and biomechanical preconditions for chronic and acute injuries of musculoskeletal system in young track and field athletes. Results: analysis of 550 exercises recommended for general and special conditioning of young track and field athletes was instrumental in determining 6 sets of exercises subject to special attention or absolute forbidding in the said athletes. Exercises included in the sets amounted to about 10%. The findings of the survey conducted among 11 coaches revealed that the greatest challenges for them represented physiology and bioenergetics of youth sports as well as pedagogical concepts for minimizing chronic and acute injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Conclusions: there are risk factors that may be of great importance as deduced from the study in addition to those considered by earlier literature references. They include common weak aspects in the training programs, grave errors in deciding on conditioning and special exercises for these cohorts, lack of adequate competencies among coaches.

Objective: to study cognitive functions and mental performance of team sports athletes’ and persons who are not involved in sports. Materials and methods: The study has 141 participants (23,2 ± 1,7 years), 76 female (23,4 ± 1,8 years) and 64 male (23,0 ± 1,6 years). Group of team sports athletes (main group) consisted of 61 participants: 31 male (22,3 ± 1,3 years), 30 female (23,1 ± 2,1 years). Control group consisted of persons who were not involved in sports, and included 80 people, (23,6 ± 1.5 years):men - 34 (23,7 ± 1,5 years), women - 46 (23,6 ± 1,5 years). Diagnostics of mental health included psychophysical tests focused on memory, attention and mental productivity assessment. Results: athletes have demonstrated higher level of visual memory, volume and switching of attention, mental productivity and mental performance in comparison with persons who were not involved in sports. Male athletes had higher rates of visual memory, volume and switching attention, mental performance in comparison with men who were not involved in sports. Female athletes and women who are not involved in sports have similar level of aural, visual memory, attention but mental productivity and mental capacity are higher in the group of female athletes. Male athletes had higher level of volume and switching of attention, mental productivity and mental performance in comparison to female athletes. Men and women who are not involved in sports differ only in terms of visual memory upwards at women side. Conclusions: high rates of cognitive functions of athletes comparing with persons who are not involved in sports confirm positive impact physical activities on central nervous system. Findings may be used as baseline data for testing cognitive functions and mental performance of athletes in different time segments of sports activity.

Optimization of sports system in Uzbekistan in the years of independence led to the creation of new models of youth sports. In the comparative characteristics of existing models of children and youth sports in the developed countries there are common pedagogical, psychological and ethical aspects, folding in socio-economic relations between the studied subjects. However, each national system of training has its own distinctive characteristics. Moreover, the children/youth sports as sports of the higher achievements are becoming an integral part of the intangible production economy of any country. As a result of the annual increase of interest in mass sport within the population and the increase in the number of children and adolescents involved in sport, there are tasks of protecting and promoting their health. Today the problem is multifaceted and multidimensional and requires a conceptual approach and multidisciplinary participation of all stakeholders in maintaining the health of young athletes and the formation of health programs for pupils of children/youth sport schools and colleges of Olympic reserve.