Objective: is to study the reaction of the pituitary-thyroid system in conditions of acutely increasing normobaric hypoxia in healthy individuals. Materials and methods: a dynamic study of the reaction of the pituitary-thyroid system under conditions of acutely increasing normobaric hypoxia in 24 healthy individuals with varying degrees of adaptation to physical activities of anaerobic nature was carried out. The study of changes in hormonal background was conducted by radioimmune method. In the training of 12 rowing athletes (average age 22±0.7 years) of the main group, anaerobic loads were widely used. The comparison group consisted of 12 conditionally healthy men (average age 21.5±0.6 years) who were not involved in sports Results: with the development of hypoxic state in individuals who train under anaerobic exercise conditions, there was a significant increase in blood plasma T3 with a decrease in the concentration of T4, and TTG increase during last minutes before the termination of the hypoxic load, followed by an increase in the recovery period of blood T4. In untrained individuals, at the beginning of the hypoxic state, there was an increase in the concentration of T3 with an unreliable decrease in the content of T4. Starting from 5 minutes of the study, the content of plasma T4 increased, with a simultaneous increase in the amount of TTG, and the content of T3 decreased. Conclusion: according to the results of the conducted study, there is a specific reaction on the part of thyroid hormones in response to normobaric hypoxia, aimed at economizing intracellular oxidative processes and the formation of a structural trace of adaptation. Systematic exercises with intensive physical anaerobic workouts increase the adaptive capacity of the thyroid system.

The article presents the material substantiation of the regulatory effect of carbon dioxide on the maximum oxygen consumption in athletes developing endurance.The conclusion of the energy calculation formula by the values of the volumes of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide emitted is given. Objective: on the basis of mathematical analysis and review of literature data to show the importance of the state of functional systems responsible for the removal of carbon dioxide and the need to educate athletes tolerance to hypercapnia, as one of the components in the development of endurance and physical performance. Materials and methods: the analysis is based on the literature data on sports medicine and the formula for calculating aerobic performance derived by the author. Results: the regulatory role of carbon dioxide in oxygen consumption and its importance in the synthesis of aerobic oxidation energy is shown,the article presents the material on the advantage of low-carbohydrate diets over the classic ones in the conditions of aerobic regime of physical activity. Conclusions: the role of systems responsible for the removal of carbon dioxide in the education of endurance and performance in athletes is shown, recommendations are given in the correction of nutrition and training methods for athletes developing endurance.

Objective: to study the reaction of heart rate and stroke volume of blood of athletes with disabilities to the implementation of standardized muscle load and the features of their recovery after completion of the load. Materials and methods: athletes are conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities. The second group consists of wheelchair basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. A comparative analysis of heart rate and stroke volume was carried out at rest, during muscle load and after its completion. Results: in athletes with disabilities with defects of the lower extremities, when performing a muscular load, heart rate increases by about two times compared with the initial parameters. Subsequently, heart rate values are significantly reduced. However, the rate of heart rate recovery within seven minutes of rest is not uniform. So, the most significant decrease in heart rate was observed in the second and third minutes of rest, where heart rate decreased by 17.9 and 20.1 beats/min, respectively (P<0.05). In the following minutes of rest, the heart rate recovery was significantly lower. The decrease in heart rate to the level of the initial values occurred at the seventh minute of rest. Thus, within seven minutes of rest after the completion of a 3-minute muscle load, heart rate indicators for basketball players with amputated lower limbs heart rate will return to their original values. It should be noted that basketball players with amputated lower extremities have a significantly higher heart rate at rest, according to our data, than basketball players with lower limb atrophy. It is important to emphasize that athletes with amputated lower extremities, when performing a muscle load in the form of shuttle acceleration along the perimeter of the site, responded by increasing heart rate to 155.4 beats/min, while athletes with atrophy of the lower extremities responded to the same load by increasing heart rate to 171.5 beats/min. The difference was 16.1 beats/min (P<0.05). Moreover, while basketball players with amputated lower extremities restored their heart rate to about the level of the initial values at the seventh minute of rest, in athletes with atrophy of the lower extremities, a reduction to the initial level was registered only at the 8th minute of the recovery process. Conclusions: it was found that basketball players with amputated lower extremities have higher heart rates, and the SVR values are significantly lower than basketball players with lower limb atrophy. It has been established that basketball players with amputated lower extremities respond to muscle load with greater changes in CRI than athletes with atrophied lower extremities. It was revealed that basketball players with amputated lower extremities restore heart rate and CRI to approximately the initial values after the completion of muscle load occurs much faster than basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities.

The versatility of human nature implies a great difficulty in its comprehending and determines many methods and approaches to its study. Dermatoglyphics is one of such methods, that studies the structure of the skin patterns of palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. This article reviews data related to finger dermatoglyphics informativity in various scientific disciplines. Dermatoglyphic patterns are formed under the influence of environmental factors and polygenic hereditary factors. Signs of papillary patterns are also determined by polygenic factors that are inherited from parents. Like any hereditary traits, they can mutate. Mutations and hereditary diseases accompanied by damaging of the genetic code, as a rule, manifest in the phenotype and in the characteristics of dermatoglyphs. Informativity and lability of dermatoglyphic pattern allows to use it as a factor – indicator of susceptibility to a particular disease with hereditary component. Currently, in sports genetics, dermatological markers of the fingers are also widely used to determine individual predisposition to a certain motor activity and sports talent. Study of combinations of types of patterns of dermatoglyphic characteristics of the toes, as well as the analysis of finger and plantar lines, types of dermatological patterns of the foot, allows using the foot dermatoglyphics as the additional marker of a genetic predisposition to a particular sport. As a constitutional marker the dermatoglyphics has prerequisites for predicting manifestations of a person’s individuality in all its diversity of physical, physiological and mental properties. Attempts to identify the informativity of finger dermatoglyphics in the field of professional selection were made earlier by representatives of various sports.

The studies of genetic polymorphisms rs1815739 (ACTN3 gene), rs2016520 (gene PPARD), rs1042713 (ADRB2 gene), rs1799945 (HFE gene), rs1801282 (PPARG gene) of athletes involved in cyclic sports were carried out. Genotyping was performed using allele-specific amplification with real-time detection of results and the use of TaqMan probes. As a result of the research, a higher incidence of alleles associated with endurance (T-polymorphism rs1815739 and G - polymorphism rs2016520) was revealed in athletes of cyclic sports. The analysis of the results of genetic polymorphisms: rs9939609 gene FTO, ADRB3 rs4994 gene rs2228570 and VDR gene showed that the risk of development of alimentary-related diseases (obesity and osteoporosis) in the examined athletes after sports career is lower than in the General population.

The review summarizes the current data on the methods of assessment of adaptation and disadaptation (fatigue, overreaching, overtraining, OT) of athlete during training; special attention is paid to the diagnostic value of biochemical and immunological markers of adaptation potential (AP). Their diagnostic significance was analyzed. Hypotheses and possible mechanisms of OT development were considered. Based on the results of recent studies published by domestic and foreign authors, both the diversity and the number of proposed adaptation markers have been established, and a lack of unity of approaches in the assessment of AP and OT has been revealed. Large amount of biochemical, immunological and other tests proposed for the evaluation of AP was summed up. The most significant AP and OT markers are protein metabolism factors, enzymes, lactate, urea. The role of immune factors, besides leukocytes and lymphocytes, is intensively studied: these are leukocyte toxicity index, level of neutrophils, cytokines, natural antibodies to AP bioregulators. The prospects of using an integrated test system for determining the e-At panel to AP bioregulators is shown for monitoring the athlete's condition, and especially for early diagnosis of OT.

Objective: evaluation of nutritional and energy value dietary intakes of elite athletes who engaged into biathlon. Materials and methods: 30 athletes (20 men and 10 women) were surveyed whose middle age was 20,9±0,75 и 19,4±0,5 years old, respectively. The studies were conducted in the immunology laboratory of Federal Researcher Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, and in the Federal Research and Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia. Study was conducted during pre-competition period, simultaneously with profound medical examination. Data collection of surveyed athletes' dietary intakes was carried out using questionnaire-polling method of 24-hour nutrition replication. The measure of consume food amounts was performed by using the «Servings album of products and dishes». The estimation of nutrients and energy consumption was carried out using an electronic database of the chemical composition of products and dishes. Results: estimation of the energy and nutritional value of the athletes diet has shown a discrepancy between the obtained values and the recommendations for this group of physical activity. Levels of diet's energy value amounted to 4043±230 (3732 – 4498 kcal/day) by men and 3479±156,4 (3228 – 3795 kcal/day) by women. The ratio
of caloric intake of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diets of athletes was 14.5%, 37.3%, 48.1% for men, and 15.8%, 33.3% and 50.8% for women, respectively. In this, for athletes who generally train endurance the recommended ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrates in the diet is 13-15%, 24-25% and 58-61%, respectively according to various literary data. Conclusions: among surveyed athletes, there was a tendency towards exceed energy intake due to fat (37.3±2.7% in men; 33.3±2.5% in women) and insufficient carbohydrate intake (48.1±3.1% and 50, 8±2.3%, respectively) with normal levels of protein intake (14.5±1.3% for men; 15.8±2.3% for women). Despite the fact that women had a higher intake of carbohydrates than men, the proportion of complex carbohydrates in the structure of the diet was 7.5% lower (p <0.05). These findings indicate the diet imbalance of this athlete’s category.

Objective: to determine the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in the structure of visits to the cardiologist. Materials and methods: within two years a doctor-cardiologist turned 4373 patients. 652 of them had arrhythmia (522 men and 130 women), that was 14.9% of those who applied for medical assistance. There were some patients (545) among 652 participants, who had significant rhythm disturbance according to the Holter ECG, the number of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles exceeded the acceptable rate. These patients were divided into 3 groups to assess the frequency of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias: Group 1: patients with a primary rhythm disturbance according to the type of ventricular arrhythmia – 96 people (80 men and 16 women). Their average age was 68 years (18–89). Group 2: patients with a primary rhythm disturbance according to the type of supraventricular extrasystole – 343 people (271 men and 72 women). Their average age was 67 years (17–83).Group 3: patients with complex arrhythmias (supraventricular and ventricular premature beats) – 106 patients (94 men and 12 women). Their average age was 65 years (18–87). Compulsory medical examination for the patient included a complete medical examination with the filling of a formalized medical history; laboratory studies (clinical blood analysis, biochemical blood-potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, glucose, lipid spectrum, creatinine, total protein, coagulation profile, thyroid hormones T3, T4, TTG); instrumental examinations (ECG, daily monitoring of Holter ECG, radiography of the chest, echocardiography). 48 patients (8.84 %) had no apparent causes of arrhythmias. These patients were directed to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart for the purpose of clarifying the nature of the arrhythmia. Results: the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in the structure of visits to the cardiologist was 14.9%. The main etiological factors of arrhythmia were: ischemic heart disease (IHD) and arterial hypertension (AH). In the group with supraventricular arrhythmias, patients with a history of pulmonary embolism, heart failure II–IV FC, permanent cardiac pacing, oncology, thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism), hyperkalemia and hypercholesterolemia as well as exacerbation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were much more likely to meet. In the group with combined rhythm disturbances, patients with acquired heart defects and hypercholesterolemia were dominating; and in the group with ventricular arrhythmias, there were more patients with a prosthetic aortic valve. In the group with ventricular arrhythmias, smokers with burdened heredity in CAD were significantly more likely to meet, and in the group with supraventricular arrhythmias, there were significantly more women in the state of early perimenopause. The main provoking factor was a psycho-emotional stress. Conclusions: the identification of the nature of arrhythmias according to traditional methods was difficult in 48 patients (8.84%), MRI of the heart allowed to establish probable cause rhythm disturbances in 32 patients in this category (2/3 of all surveyed). This draws attention to the high frequency of detection of MRI signs of myocarditis (1/3 of the surveyed).

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of injections of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of muscle injuries of the lower limb grade 2A-2B in professional soccer players. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of the duration and the methods of muscle damage treating in several leading professional football (soccer) clubs in Russia was carried out. Methods and duration of muscle injury treatment were analyzed during two seasons in several leading Russian clubs, whose players are included in the Russian Football Premier League, Europa League UEFA, UEFA Champions League and who represent their National Teams. The study included players with muscle injuries of the lower extremities grade 2A-2B according to the classification of the British Athletic Association (67 people, average age 27±4.8 years, height 182±5.9 cm, weight 77±5.8 kg). Football players were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment: using local injections of PRP (34 people) and without using them (33 people). 12 people received PRP once in a volume of 8-10 ml. 6 people received one injection every 5-7 days (a total of 2-3 injections of PRP in a volume of 3-5 ml). 16 people received one injection every 5-7 days (a total of 2-3 injections of PRP in a volume of 8-10 ml). During the study, information was recorded on the total duration of treatment (before the start of regular training activity) and on the development of relapses (repeated trauma in the same place within two months after entering the general group). Result: the use of local injections of PRP does not significantly affect the duration of treatment and the number of relapses, regardless of the location of the damage and its severity. The total duration of treatment was 15 days among all players. In the group using local injections of PRP the total duration of treatment was 18 days and 14 days in the group without using RTP. Relapses were seen in 10 % of cases among all players. In the group using local injections of PRP relapses were seen in 9% and in 12 % in the group without using RTP. Conclusions: during the study, the effect of local PRP injections on the duration of treatment of muscle injuries of grade 2A-2B, on the number of relapses and on the duration of treatment of muscle injuries of various localizations was not found. The absence of statistically significant changes in the duration of treatment may be due to differences in the protocol for the administration of PRP. Future work should focus on comparing the various protocols for introducing PRP.

Objective: to develop an algorithm for determining the extent of surgical intervention for pain in the heel region based on a comprehensive clinical and instrumental assessment of the functional state of the lower extremities. Materials and methods: during the examination of 18 athletes with pain in the heel area, we used a thermal imaging examination (at rest and after exercise) in combination with magnetic resonance imaging data. Infrared thermography was performed using an infrared camera. Data analysis was carried out using the specialized online service tvision.pro, which allows you to track the dynamics of the patient's thermographic picture. The combination of images of thermographic and MRI studies makes it possible to assess the functional state of the structures of the heel region with the identification of the structures most involved in the pathological process. Results: based on the experience of treating athletes with pain in the heel area, we developed an algorithm for determining the extent of surgical intervention for Haglund deformity. The algorithm is based on the analysis of MRI data and their comparison with the results of the examination of the soft tissue of the heel area using functional thermal imaging. Conclusions: a comprehensive analysis of the data of thermographic and tomographic studies allows you to perform an objective assessment of the functional state of the patient based on the primary localization of the pathological process. The developed algorithm is applicable for planning the extent of surgical intervention and making a choice of preferable technique. The proposed tactic contributes to early return to competitive load. The infrared thermography technique provides important additional data on the functional state of the athlete's musculoskeletal system. It is absolutely safe for both the patient and the specialist who conducts the study.