Objective: to study the response of the pumping function of the heart of athletes with disabilities to standard muscle load. Materials and methods: the total number of examined athletes was 20 males aged 21 to 30 years. The athletes of the basketball team in wheelchairs were conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities. The second group is athletes with spinal lesions and atrophy of the lower extremities. A comparative analysis of heart rate and stroke volume was carried out at rest and after muscle load. Results: it can be argued that in basketball players with amputated lower extremities, heart rates at rest, according to our data, were significantly higher than in basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. It should also be noted that if athletes with amputated lower extremities, when performing a muscle load in the form of shuttle acceleration along the perimeter of the site, responded by increasing heart rate to 155,4 bpm, then athletes with atrophy of the lower extremities responded to the same load by increasing heart rate to 171,5 bpm The difference was 16,1 beats/min (p<0,05). Therefore, it can be argued that in basketball players – wheelchairs, the reaction of heart rate depends on the nature of the defeat of the musculoskeletal system. The most pronounced reaction of heart rate to the performance of muscle load was revealed by us in wheelchair basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. In basketball players with amputated lower extremities, indicators of shock volume of blood at rest were significantly lower than in basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. At the same time, it should be emphasized that athletes with amputated lower extremities, when performing physical activity in the form of shuttle acceleration along the perimeter of the site, responded with an increase in SVC to 85,4±2,0 ml, while athletes with atrophy of the lower limbs reacted to the same load with an increase in CRI only up to 78,4±1,6 ml. The difference was 7,0 ml (p<0,05). Consequently, it can be argued that in basketball players – wheelchairs, the reaction of the UOC to the performance of muscle load depends on the nature of the damage to the musculoskeletal system. According to our data, in athletes with amputations of the lower extremities, the results of the KLA reaction were slightly better compared to athletes with atrophy of the lower extremities. Conclusions: it was found that in wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities, heart rates at rest were significantly higher, and CRI was lower than in athletes with spinal injuries. It was revealed that in wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities after performing physical activity, smaller changes in the heart rate occur and the impact volume of the blood changes to a greater extent. Whereas, in athletes with spinal cord lesions, lesser changes in stroke volume are observed and heart rate indicators are more likely to change.

Adaptation to hypoxia is an integral part of elite athletes training at various stages of the training and competition season. One of the key issues in the use of additional hypoxic stimulation methods is the potential risk of oxidative stress development and dangerous shifts in oxidative-antioxidant status (OAS). Objective: to identify the impact of altitude training and the subsequent period of reacclimatization on exercise performance, aerobic efficiency and oxidative-antioxidant balance of elite skiers-racers. Materials and Methods: The study involved 10 highly qualified athletes who underwent a comprehensive examination three times at different stages of training camps: initially, after 3-week camps in the natural midlands and after a 2-week camp on the plain. Each comprehensive examination included exercise treadmill testing under normoxia and in moderate hypoxia with determination of spiroergometric indicators, measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, total hemoglobin mass, as well as OAS parameters. Results: Endurance training at moderate altitude led to significant increase in the total hemoglobin mass and with the delay of 16-18 days of reacclimatization – in performance indicators (VO₂max and VO₂/AT), tested both in normoxia and hypoxia. No significant average group changes in the oxidativeantioxidant status in the dynamics of professional skiers' 3 weeks acclimatization period were revealed. In the analysis of individual indices dynamics it was noted that in the majority of athletes the values of oxidative stress indicator (d-ROM) did not exceed the limits of normative data, and the index of total antioxidant blood potential were in the zone of slightly increased values at all stages of testing. As a result, the values of the OAS integral index of athletes were in the border zone, with several elevated values. At the same time, the level of overall activation of the pro-antioxidant system correlated with the increase in aerobic capacity of athletes. Conclusions: The OSA parameters tested using the FRAS-4 method make it possible to evaluate the dynamics of OSA in athletes training for endurance at moderate altitude.

This article raises the question of standardization of terms and evaluation of physical performance in the scientific literature. Basic parameters of scientific research as mass, volume, force, energy, work, power are considered. In keeping with the standardization of procedures in the reporting of various types of research and the increased requirements for scientific manuscript preparation, it is vitally important that investigators conform with standard terminology. The need for standard terminology is also evident in clinical settings where different health professionals must communicate and discuss rehabilitation interventions. Strict adherence to the definitions of the international system will ensure standardization of terminology and make scientific communication more readily understandable to the worldwide scientific community.

Objective: the purpose of the study was to evaluate how high-intensity interval training affects strength, oxidative capacity and hypertrophy of working muscles in power sports athletes. Materials and methods: the study included 35 male power sports athletes (powerlifting), the average age was 30 ± 5,4 years. Metabolic exhaled gas analysis (determination of the anaerobic threshold and heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption and pedaling power at the maximum oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold and maximum oxygen consumption), ultrasonographic measurements of the anatomical cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris, the assessment of the maximum strength of the quadriceps femoris and methods of mathematical statistics were utilized. Athletes were subject to bicycle ergometry testing 3 times a week during 120 days according to the following protocol: 7 intervals with pedaling power of 100% of the maximum oxygen consumption for 2 min, and intervals with a heart rate of 85% of the anaerobic threshold for 2 min. Results: after 120 days of training, power athletes significantly increased the anaerobic threshold, power and oxygen consumption by 22,7 and 14,5%, respectively, as well as power and oxygen consumption at the level of maximum oxygen consumption by 18,5 and 13,6%, respectively. Regular high-intensity training on a bicycle ergometer causes muscle-specific hypertrophy, which leads to regional changes in the quadriceps femoris muscle and an increase in its strength by 6,5%. Conclusions: the aerobic workout training protocol that we developed allows athletes to effectively and safely increase the oxidizing capacities of active muscles, while not losing their main strength indicators.

The review of literature presents the new direction in the treatment of sports injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system – using of autologous platelet-rich plasma/plasma enriched in soluble platelet factors (PRP/PORFT). PRP/PORFT reveals anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticatabolic and regenerative effects after local injection to affected area. Technology of preparation and clinical application of PRP/PORFT were under consideration. There were described the results of clinical studies on PRP/PORFT application in sports medicine and damage of musculoskeletal system. It was shown the clinical efficacy of 2-3 injections of PRP/PORFT into the area of muscle, ligaments, joints injury. Most effective use of PRP/PORFT was shown for therapy of lateral epicondylitis and osteoarthritis. There were no yet evidences for its efficacy in therapy of patients with damaged Achilles tendon. The best clinical effects of PRP/PORFT use was demonstrated in patients with trauma and damage of musculoskeletal system at the initial stages of treatment, and also as a part of rehabilitation courses.

To date, information on the problem is contradictory and ambiguous. It is difficult to trace cause – effect relationships between the condition of hard dental tissues, oral fluid, the dental status of swimmers, and the characteristics of the water environment of training pools. The article presents an analysis and systematization of literature on the dental condition in swimming athletes, as well as formulates modern ideas on the subject and highlights topics for further research.

Objective: to study the effect of the ATACL (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcinnamicacid) compound on some biochemical parameters under conditions of exhausting exercise in animals. Materials and methods: the study was conducted to study the effect of a cinnamic acid derivative on certain biochemical parameters under conditions of exhausting exercise in animals. The experiment was performed on 40 outbred male mice weighing 22-24 grams. Animals were subject to daily exhausting exercise for 5 days in the treadmill running test. The test compound ATACL was administered intragastrically at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 30 minutes before the exercise. At the end of the experiment, the animals were decapitated and blood was taken to assess lactic, pyruvic acid, the lactate/pyruvate coefficient and myoglobin as the marker of muscle damage. Results: It was found that upon exercise, 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcinnamic acid neutralizes the acidic pH. 10.7 times (p<0.05) increase in the concentration of pyruvate in the blood was observed compared to the negative control group, and a decrease in the lactate / pyruvate coefficient by 28.6 times (p<0.05). At the same time, the level of myoglobin in the group receiving ATACL was 2.1 times lower compared to the negative control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in terms of lactate, pyruvate, and myoglobin concentration in the group treated with ATACL, in comparison with the group of animals treated with Metaprot. Conclusions: the data obtained allow us to recommend this compound as a corrector of biochemical shifts that are possible during physical exertion.

Objective: revelation of disadaptation among Russian elite athletesof necessity to optimize psychological interventions among biomedical support system for elite athletes. All participants were athletes of several Russian national teams, among them cyclic sports, game sports, complex coordination sports, and combat sports. Materials and methods: data obtained from 1176 elite athletes during extended medical examinations (EME) within the period from 2015 to 2018 were studied. Results: research reveals the relationship between psychical adaptation and athletes’ gender, age, level of experience, and sport-related specifics. Conclusions: athletes of various Russian national teams (from juniors to elite) suffer from notable disadaptation. Thereupon the necessity of changes to the existing system of psychophysiological interventions within national teams (namely: development of preventive treatment programs and correction of disadaptation programs) verify its importance.

The number of women and the elderly has now increased among marathon runners. This cohort has a high risk of osteoarthritis development. The hypothesis, based on little scientific evidence, is that the additional stress on knee joints that occurs during long running can potentially lead to damage to joint structures and osteoarthritis development. The review presents modern generalized data on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of knee joints in long-distance runners. Special attention is paid to the syndrome of fluid increase in subchondral bone, which is determined by increasing the signal intensity in T2-weighted images (decrease in T1-weighted images), called bone marrow oedema (BMO). Classification and pathogenetic variants of BMO development (theory of intrusion and contusion) are presented. Particular cases of BMO development in marathon runners are considered. The dynamics of BMO in different time intervals after the races in beginners and professional marathon runners is described. Changes in MRI images of knee cartilage after running on the treadmill in healthy women and in women suffering from osteoarthritis are shown. A comparison of the frequency of osteoarthritis of knee joints in runners compared to footballers and weightlifters was made. The conclusion was made on the preventive effect of long walking and running (at least 12.5 km/week), including marathon distances, on the development and progression of osteoarthritis of knee joints.

Objective: to study the effectiveness of using statodynamic exercises for the restoration and rehabilitation of highly qualified volleyball players after a meniscectomy (partial resection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus). Materials and methods: the study involved 5 players of the Russian Super League on volleyball aged 18-30 years who underwent a meniscectomy (partial resection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus). To assess the effectiveness of the exercises used, the results were compared with the indices of the control group (CG). The study data of 30 athletes involved in game sports (football, handball, volleyball) with sports qualifications ranging from 1 adult to masters of sports of international class with post-traumatic chondropathy of the knee joints were taken as CG. The average age of the athletes was 25.8±7.2 years, the experience in sports – 12±4 years. To study the subjective assessment of the functional state of the injured knee joint, we used the KOOS scale for assessing the outcome of injuries and diseases of the knee joint. Before and after the ten-day experiment, which consisted of the use of exercises of a static-dynamic nature, the following parameters were measured in the following subjects: the angle of flexion in the knee joint, the volume of the thigh, and static endurance of the quadriceps femoris. Results: The studied EG indices were reliably р<0.05better in comparison with the CG in most of the studied indices, except for the value «Pain» and «Difficulty of performing daily everyday movements». The angle of flexion in the knee joint at the beginning of the experiment was 121±2° and after the experiment significantly (p<0.05) changed to 140±4°, which indicates an increase in the mobility of the knee joint of the injured limb. At the same time, a significant (p<0.05) increase in the volume of the thigh from 41.2±2.7 to 41.8±3.0 cm occurred, which indicates hypertrophy of the muscle fibers of the thigh. At the same time, the strength indices of the quadriceps femoris muscle were significant (p<0.05), as evidenced by the increase in the ability to hold a straight leg with a weight of 2.5 kg in the Leg Extension simulator from 24±7 to 75±13 seconds. Conclusions: The data obtained may indicate that the use of long-term statodynamic exercises in the functional postoperative period (10-21 days) of rehabilitation is an effective (from the point of view of time) means of restoring the knee joint of highly qualified volleyball players after partial resection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus.

Scientific report of XI^th EFSMA Congress in sport medicine is given (3-5 October 2019 in Portoroz, Slovenia). The main Congress topics were: development of elite young athlete, medical criteria for selection in sport, monitoring of athletes health, prevention in sports medicine, injury management and return to sport, exercise prescription for prevention and therapy.

The World Conference on Doping in Sport took place in Poland, Katowice from 4th to 7th of November 2019. WADA representatives and members of international sports federations, as well as more than 1500 delegates from all over the world, participated in the conference. Review of the anti-doping education of the past 20 years was summarized, perspectives for the future work were set.