Objective: to evaluate the adaptation of freestyle wrestlers according to clinical blood parameters, depending on the training cycle and qualification of athletes. Materials and methods: 102 freestyle wrestlers aged from 18 to 24 years undergone clinical biochemical tests with determination of peripheral blood parameters. The athletes were divided into three groups according to the competitive period: training, before and after the competition: and into two groups according to the qualification: a candidate for master of sports and a master of sports. Results: enzyme activity depended on the period. The relationship between the competitive period and the activity of γ-GT (r = -0.252, p = 0.030), the level of triglycerides (r = 0.394, p = 0.001) and de Ritis coefficient (r = -0.235, p = 0.046) was revealed. The cholesterol level before the competition was significantly higher (5.15 ± 0.20 mmol/L, p = 0.010), and after the competition (4.58 ± 0.12 mmol/L, p = 0.021) compared to the preparation stage (4.27 ± 0.24 mmol/L). The activity of enzymes and indicators of protein and carbohydrate metabolism depended on the qualification of athletes. The wrestlers, regardless of the sports stage, had a high metabolic equilibrium (de Ritis coefficient). A significant increase in segment neutrophils before the competition (52.43 ± 1.61%, p = 0.032) compared with the training stage (46.32 ± 2.25%) was revealed. Lymphocytes significantly decreased before the competition (35.15 ± 1.71%, p = 0.050) compared with the training stage (41.94 ± 3.04%). In 17% of athletes in the pre-competition period, the conditionally polymorphic stoma (UPC) was found, after competition it was found in 6%. Basophilic granularity depended on the stage of learning. 60% of sportsmen of the highest qualification had codocytes. Conclusions: clinical parameters of blood in athletes depended on the period of the training cycle and on qualification of athletes, and indicated both training and tired state of the body.

Objective: to study the fat oxidation rate during physical exercises of different intensity and to identify factors influencing this process in athletes. Materials and methods: highly qualified Nordic skiers (26 men, 11 women) were examined. Fat oxidation (FO) was determined by the indirect colorimetric technique within stepwise increasing cycle load in the test «to failure». Results: FO for highly skilled skiers (MS and MSIL) was 0.17 g/min at rest and 0.77 g/min at the peak of the load, corresponding to the range of 40-60% of the maximal oxygen consumption (MOC). The level of skill was associated with a higher peak FO and its longer retention up to a load of 80-90% of the MOC. Age differences appeared only at the peak of the load, in the range of 60-70% of the MOC. There was a higher base and maximum FO in men, unlike women. Conclusions: the fat oxidation rate during exercise should be used in assessing the functional state of athletes when planning load regimes and preventing overtraining.

Objective: to study the effects of royal jelly and coenzyme Q10 administered with food on the number of hematological and spirometric indicators in elite swimmers in precompetitive period. Materials and methods: 16 highly qualified athletes at the age of 19,8±0,6 years participated in the study. Content of erythrocytes and different white blood cells and level of hemoglobin in the blood of the athletes were measured using hematology analyzer «Abacus Junior 30». The measurement of respiratory volume, respiratory minute volume, respiratory frequency, рO₂ and рCO₂ in expired air, alveolar рO₂ and рCO₂ in the subjects was made using anesthesia breathing apparatus «Capnomac Ultima». Results: the administration of the above mix by the athletes stimulates the immune system and the oxygen-transporting function of blood, activates the functional state of pulmonary tissue, increases the oxygen consumption and improves physical performance. Conclusions: the effect of preventive therapy on the analyzed parameters in highly qualified swimmers determine the feasibility of the competent intake of composition «royal jelly-ubiquinone-10-honey» before and during major competitions when the requirements are high.

Objective: to study the duration of physical work to failure and its «physiological price» in subjects with different directionality of pulmonary ventilation changes after training of hypoventilatical breathing in the background of physical exercises. Materials and methods: twelve young men who performed a test load on a bicycle ergometer to failure before and after training were examined. ^e ECG, pneumogram, spirometry parameters, arterial oxygen saturation level, and the duration of physical work to failure were recorded. ^e «physiological price» and parameters of hemodynamics were calculated. Results: after training of hypoventilatical breathing, depending on the directionality of the change in pulmonary ventilation, two groups of subjects were identified: «group 1» - increasing pulmonary ventilation and «group 2» - maintaining its baseline level. It was shown, that hypoventilation training had a different effect on the functional state of the subjects of the selected groups. After hypoventilation training, the duration of work to failure was increased in both groups, but only for subjects of the «group 2», the physical work was accompanied by an increase in the «physiological price» (p<0.05). Conclusion: the increase in pulmonary ventilation after the hypoventilation breath training against the background of physical exercises is a predictor of the endurance of the subject during the work to failure without increasing the «physiological price».

Objective: to define the characteristics of the regulation of the cardiac activity of table tennis athletes with physical impairments in conditions of competitive stress. Materials and methods: the analysis of heart rate variability. Study included 44 table tennis athletes with physical impairments, mean age 28,1±2,3 years. Sports qualification of participants: from the III sports category up to the master of sports. Results: vegetative regulation of cardiac activity was characterized by activation of the central contour of regulation. It was associated with a higher level of fitness of the cardiovascular system. Athletes of low qualification had inadequate reaction of the cardiovascular system on the competitive stress. It involved the strengthening of the autonomous regulation loop before the competition. Conclusions: the revealed signs of overfatigue and under-recovery in tennis players of low level of sports qualification testified to the necessity of using recovery means for this category of athletes in the training process.

Speed-and-strength sports differ from other sports because of its short time and very intense physical activity. ^e review provides a literature analysis of the effect of nutrients on the metabolic processes that occur during the occupation of these sports. During the training of athletes generally anaerobic mechanisms of muscular work dominate, so the nutrition of athletes focuses on the consumption of foods with high protein content and essential amino acids. ^e article describes general principles of diet constructing for athletes that should correspond to the basics of optimal nutrition, depend on the period of sport activity (training, competition, recovery), the duration and intensity of physical exertion, etc. Based on the results of recent studies published by domestic and foreign authors, the substantiation of the energy value and the chemical composition of the diet (the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, macro- and microelements), as well as the formation of diets and drinking regime for highly skilled athletes involved in speed-and-strength sports is given.

Objective: to study the effect of biologically active additives (BAA) based on the homogenate of drone larvae on microcirculation and metabolism in Nordic skiers. Materials and methods: 58 male skiers at the age of 18-20 years ranging from 1 category to CMS were divided into two groups: the main group (30 athletes) and the comparison group (28 athletes). The skiers of the main group used the homogenate of drone larvae daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight during 21 days. Athletes from the comparison group received potato starch (placebo). The study of the microcirculation system was performed with a laser analyzer of the capillary blood flow «LAKK-M» before the BAA administration, at the 1st, 10th and 21st days of the study and 30 days after the end of the BAA administration. Results: A significant increase in perfusion was observed in the experimental group (121%, p <0.05) due to an increase in vasodilation of precapillary sphincters by 149% (p<0.05). The oxygen consumption became more economical: tissue oxygen consumption decreased by 148% and oxygen saturation increased by 125% (p<0.05). The adaptogenic effect started from 10th day, reached a maximum level on 21st day and persisted for 30 days after completion of the reception. Conclusions: analysis of the results showed the feasibility of including the homogenate of drone larvae in sports nutrition.

Objective: to estimate the safety of application of new derivatives of chromon-3-aldehyde and the possibility of its application for correction of muscular dysfunction. Materials and methods: the experiment was performed on 120 mice-males of the Balb/c line. Research objects - halogenated derivatives of chromon-3-aldehyde under codes of X3AF and X3ACl. The safety assessment of its application included the determination ofits single dose toxicity with calculation of LD50 using the Finni method. Further, the influence of derivatives on the development of muscular dysfunction using the myostimmulation test after its preventive introduction was studied. Results: the conducted research showed that new halogenated derivatives of chromon-3-aldehyde under codes of X3AF and X3ACl possessed an optimum profile of safety and wereable to alleviate the manifestations of muscle dysfunction. At the same time the substanceX3AF surpassed the substance X3ACl and comparison drug «Mildronat» in the size of pharmacological action. Conclusions: the low toxicity and high pharmacological efficiency of new halogenated derivatives of chromon-3-aldehyde makes these compounds the perspective ob

Athletes with certain cardiovascular diseases have significantly increased risk of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death (SCD) during or after physical exertion. Therefore, the detection of pathological cardiovascular conditions is an important element of preparticipation screening in athletes. Athletes with complaints of syncopal or presyncopal conditions, dizziness during exercise or at rest, feelings of palpitations and interruptions in the work of the heart should be further examined before training. Questionnaire can help to identify these and other alarm medical conditions. The research is aimed to obtain information about cardiovascular screening questionnaires that are available in Russian and foreign sources, to compare questions, describing the current scientific view of the problem, identifying points of contention and moments requiring additional study. In general, modern screening strategies and those from past years correspond to each other and include similar issues that allow identifying sudden cardiac death risk factors in athletes.

Objective: to study the features of peripheral hemodynamics of the lower extremities of powerlifters depending on their experience and qualification. Materials and methods: the study of cardiovascular systemwas conducted in 38 men aged from 18 to 25 years engaged in powerlifting. 20 participants had sports categories (1-3) and 18 participantswere candidates or masters of sports. To study the regional blood flow in the areas of «foot», «calf» and «hip» the hardware and software complex «Reo-Spectrum-3» of «Neuro-Soft» were used. Results: significant decrease in the amplitude of the systolic wave, the arterial wave, the maximum systolic value of the venous component of the hip of powerlifters was revealed in comparison with the control group. A significant decrease in the amplitude-frequency index of powerlifters was also revealed. The index of fast filling was significantly lower in powerlifters. The values of the «inflow-outflow»ratio pointed at the change of the tonus of vessel wall in powerlifters. The average speed of slow filling indicated a decrease in the tonus of small and medium arteries in powerlifters. The change in vascular tone in powerlifters indirectly indicated a shift in the autonomic balance towards the predominance of sympathetic influences.All parameters showed an increased stress of the mechanisms of regulation of cardiac activity. Conclusions: the nature of blood circulation shifts includes changes in both the arterial and venous parts of the blood stream. The most pronounced changes in peripheral blood circulation were found in the areas of «calf» and «foot». With the growth of sports skills, the nature and degree of vascular changes increases, which indicates a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the vascular system of the lower extremities to intense physical activity.

Objective: to analyze the parameters of 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography (TEE) with speckle-tracking technology in young athletes. Materials and methods: 79 athletes (52 male, 27 female, median age 20,5±3,7 years) undergone prospective analysis. Participants were divided into groups by level of training (group A-professionals and group B-amateurs) and by gender (group 1-men and group 2-women). Athletes underwent 12-lead ECG, 2D TTE and 3D TTE with a speckle-tracking. The evaluation of LV function was performed using the speckle-tracking method with the assessment of LV longitudinal strain in the Automated Function Imaging mode. Results: significant differences in LDV (р <0,0001), LAV (р <0,0001), LVEF (р <0,0001) between 2D (р<0,05) and 3D (р<0,0001) assessment, and differences in 2D (р <0,0001) and 3D (р=0,007) GLS values and in 3D GCS assessment (р=0,02) were registered. Significantly lower values of GLS were obtained in the group A in 2D (р=0,0002) and 3D (р=0,007) echo. Conclusions: 3D visualization with speckle-tracking allows careful and detailed assessment of left ventricular systolic function. The usage of left ventricle deformation quantitative analysis can detect early signs of systolic dysfunction with normal ejection fraction with a great value in young athletes.

Objective: to create a multi-factor predictive empirical model of athletic injury experience and coping behavior, taking into account the coping skills, emotional state, gender, age. Materials and methods: 227 athletes of various sports were examined. Questionnaires assessed the skills and strategies of coping, emotional state, subjective well-being, the level of resilience. Statistical processing was performed using the method of Bayesian regression-factor analysis. Results: six types of athletes were identified and described in accordance with their strategies to overcome stress, well-being and affective attitudes towards injury as a life event. The presented model has a high validity and allows analyzing of mental resources and risks of the injured athlete. Conclusions: in accordance with the results of the initial testing and interview with the injured athlete, it is possible to present the main personal risks for successful stress management and rehabilitation and to optimize the psychological support program.

Objective: to evaluate the clinical manifestations of the pathology of the aortic valve in athletes of the initial stage of sports training and to analyze the literature data on the admission of persons with bicuspid aortic valve to training and competition. Materials and methods: 5000 athletes of the initial stage of sports training at the age of 10-12 years were examined. Examination of athletes included electrocardiography at rest and exercise, echocardiography and Holter monitoring. Anatomical features of the aortic valves were revealed in 7 (0.14%) athletes: 6 (0.12%) athletes with bicuspid aortic valve, 1 athlete (0.02%) with quadrileaflet aortic valve. The literature review included analysis of publications on the subject from two electronic library databases: Elibrary and PubMed. Results: conducted studies did not confirm the assumption of dilatation of the ascending aorta under the influence of intense physical exertion in athletes with the pathology of the aortic valve. The analysis of publications showed contradictory opinions of the researchers. Conclusions: the clinical cases, literature data, as well as the official recommendations of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiologists (2015) on admission of patients with aortic diseases to sports and competitions showed that in the absence of significant hemodynamic disturbances, dilatation of left ventricle and aorta root with normal ECG parameters and tolerance to physical activity, patients with bicuspid aortic valve could be allowed to exercise without restriction. However, these athletes must be under strict dynamic control of the heart.