Objective: to monitor the dynamics of adaptive changes occurring in the cardiovascular system swimmers during the transition period and in the period of preparation for the competition. Materials and methods: the study included the National team of Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism in Swimming, serving at the competitions of the republican and Russian levels. The state of the cardiovascular system was evaluated using the methods of functional diagnostics. Results: the influence of heart rate after the load (-0.856), type of self-regulation of blood circulation (0.829) and of heart rate after the load (-0,917), type of self-regulation of blood circulation (0.905), the average dynamic pressure (0.820), peripheral resistance (0.820) on the swimming speed of the swimmers in the competition period was found, the correlation is significant at 0,05. Conclusions: the basic indicators of cardio-vascular system of the swimmers remained constant under the conditions of urgent adaptation and do not have time to react in the transition period, compared to the competition period.

Objective: to study functional characteristic of ski-runners from national teams of the Komi Republic. Materials and methods: 43 skiers aged from 16 to 34 (30 men and 13 women) were examined. We determined a number of somatometric, physiometric and physiological parameters of both male and female ski-runners at rest and during the standardized bicycle ergometer tests. The ECG recordings were analyzed using the Ecosan-2007 complex. Results: we found that maximal oxygen consumption and PWC-170 parameters in ski runners living in the North were similar to the average parameters for Russia. Heart rate variability parameters showed predominance of the parasympathetic cardiovascular regulation, especially in men. Conclusions: according to the majority of somatometric, physiometric, and physiological parameters, and to the results of physical capacity tests (MOC, PWC-170) women showed substantially lower results than men. During the standardized bicycle ergometer tests women showed higher «physiological cost» (by pulse, pressure, respiration, ventilation and oxygen consumption parameters) of physical work.

Modern nutrition for athletes is based on the principles of rational nutrition and the peculiarities of muscle activity during the training process. This work demonstrates the review of the processes occurring during participation in endurance sports and its features. According to the modern classification used by domestic and foreign authors, the article provides a list of endurance types of sport with its characteristics. Endurance sports have repeatable phases of movements and hemodynamic component, which is characterized by the activity of the muscles of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Energy supply of muscle activity of endurance sports is mainly provided by aerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis, as well as beta-oxidation of fats. There is a report of the influence of nutrients on the recovery of working capacity of athletes in endurance sports. The issues of food distribution during the day are affected, depending on the training and competitive process. Specific features of the formation of diets and drinking regime for highly skilled athletes involved in endurance sports are formulated.

Objective: to evaluate the actual nutrition and nutritional status of combat athletes. Materials and methods: the evaluation of the actual nutrition of 129 athletes involved in martial arts: 86 men (average age 22.1±0.5 years) and 43 women (average age 22.2±0.8 years) were carried out. The actual nutrition was investigated by the method of 24-hour (daily) reproduction of food intake. The biochemical and anthropometric markers of the nutritional status were evaluated; body mass index (BMI) and component body composition were assessed using bioimpedansometry. Results: results of the study showed unbalanced nutrition of athletes - excessive consumption of animal fat, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugar (including high-fat dairy products and confectionery).The nutrition analysis of combat athletes revealed a lack of vitamins B, magnesium, calcium, which was associated with low consumption of dairy products, fruits and vegetables. Disturbances in the nutritional structure caused unfavorable changes in some participants, such as an increase in BMI, the amount of adipose tissue, dyslipidemia, against the background of insufficient efficiency of the recovery processes of athletes and the risk of overwork. Conclusions: violation of the nutritional structure of athletes leads to development of pathological changes in nutritional status, which include increase of BMI and the amount of adipose tissue, dyslipidemia due to the lack of efficiency of recovery processes of athletes and the risk of overwork. The noted violations of nutrition and nutritional status are a risk factor for the development of alimentary-dependent diseases (cardiovascular pathology, obesity, osteoporosis, etc.).

Shoulder pain is one of the most common causes of athletes requests for medical care. The review presents the diagnostics of shoulder pain in athletes often due to the limitation of internal rotation in the shoulder joint and damage of the acromioclavicular joint. According to some reports shoulder injuries in combat sports and in particular judo range from 28% to 43.8%, and more. Instability of acromioclavicular joint most often occurs in combat athletes after the shots and blows to the shoulder area and occupies a leading place among all shoulder injuries in athletes in judo. Conservative tactics, including immobilization,pain relief, physiotherapy and isometric exercises, prevail in the treatment of injuries of acromioclavicular joint of types I and II. Treatment of type III injuries is possible with the use of various surgical methods, as well as conservative methodsin some cases. The success of rehabilitation after injuries allows athletes to resume sporting training and competition.

Objective: to observe general abundance of various psychosomatic disorders among highly qualified athletes. Materials and methods: the study involved 3 094 athletes of Russian national teams with age range from 18 to 77 years. Analysis of data collected during the extend medical examinations (EME) of the national Russian team athletes in 2014-2016 years was conducted. Results: research shows high frequency of psychosomatic disorders among athletes of Russian national teams - 28,1%. The most common conditions among diseases with psychosomatic mechanisms in athletes of Russian national teams were disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the gastrointestinal tract, and the nervous system. Gender and age specific differences were shown. Conclusions: both psychological and psycho-physiological factors play significant role in the formation of psychosomatic disorders in athletes. Apparently, in view of the importance of social status (success) and, consequently, the tendency to negate problems, we expect late medical resource utilization in this group of the population (only in the case of a long and severe somatic disorder).

Objective: to study the structure of disorders caused by anxiety in athletes. Materials and methods: the objects of the first task of the research were different terminological definitions and classifications of anxiety disorders. Comparative analysis of the definitions and concepts used in psychology, physiology, sports medicine, theory and methodology of physical education has been carried out. The second task was to determine the leading factors characterizing the psychological status of athletes, and to give them the descriptive characteristics. A factor analysis was conducted on the results of testing 79 athletes of combat sports (34 men, 45 women) using the M Luscher color test and the integrative anxiety test by AP Bizyuk, LI Wasserman, BV Iovlev. Results: Luscher's test scores (total deviation from the autogenous rate, mental performance, vegetative coefficient) explained only 14.5% of the total variance. Simultaneously, the indicator of situational anxiety from Luscher's test was not included in any factor. The informativeness of more detailed integrative anxiety test was significantly higher: its indicators were included in 3 factors, explaining totally 49.5% of the total variance, as well as in the general factor, which explains 33% of the total variance. Conclusions: the emotional component (emotions which cause situational anxiety) contributes largely to the total anxiety level, some smaller contribution accounts for the social components (fear of condemnation, dependence on the opinions of others), finally, the personal anxiety contributes to it even less.

Modern data on a functional condition of race car pilots participating in closed-circuit race are presented in the review. Based on the results of domestic and foreign studies in recent years the influence of the main stress factors, including heat and carbon monoxide, on the cardiovascular and perceptual system of pilots is presented. The results of studies on the perception and cognitive skills of racers are also presented. Special attention is paid to the importance of carrying out methods of sports psychology, improvement of the general physical condition of pilots. Issues of injuries and activities aimed at ensuring the safety of auto racing on ring roads are covered. In conclusion, the relevance of further research aimed at applying a holistic approach to the study of physiological and cognitive functions of racers, as well as the need to improve the safety of competitions is stated.

Objective: to reveal the risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes at different sports training stages according to a cardiac examination. Materials and methods: were examined 2245 athletes at 3 sports training stages according to in-depth medical examination program for each stage of sports training, established by the Order of the Ministry of Health No. 134n. Additionally, rhythmocardiography as well as 24-hour ECG monitoring were performed in cases of 2 or more extrasystoles detection on the resting ECG. The SCD risk factors were studied according to Russian National Recommendations: channelopathies, ventricular arrhythmias, hypersympathicotonia and reduction in heart rate variability, as well as left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. Results: there was a significant increase in the identification of SCD risk factors from 4.3% to 11.7% from stage to stage of sports training. At the same time, the structure of SCD risk factors varied at different stages of sports training. Channelopathy occurred just at the first two stages. Ventricular extrasystoles were detected in 2.8% of sports mastery improvement stage athletes (SMIS) against 0.3% sport specialization stage (SSS) athletes. In SMIS athletes the second type of the cardiovascular system regulation by rhythmography was the most common finding. All the cases of heart geometry changes were related exclusively to highest sports mastery stage (HSMS), according to echocardiography, myocardial hypertrophy was not detected in other sports training stages athletes. The data obtained during statistical processing showed that the identified SCD risk have a significant relationship with the sports training stages. Conclusions: channelopathies were reliably associated with the SSS, ventricular premature beats and hypersympathicotonia were associated with SMIS, and myocardial hypertrophy with the HSMS. That should be taken into account when developing measures to prevent SCD in sports in terms of choosing medical control priority methods for the various stages of sports training process.

Objective: to study the features of cardiovascular and respiratory systems after individual training in hypoventilation breathing in combination with physical exercises. Materials and methods: 18 young men were examined before and after training in hypoventilation breathing technique in combination with physical exercises. They were divided into 2 groups: main and control. The technique was used only by subjects of the main group. All subjects took part in 2 similar background examinations before and after training, where ECG, pneumogram, spirometry parameters, and arterial oxygen saturation level were recorded. Results: the study showed increasing of the sympathetic influences and activation of the respiratory system after hypoventilation breathing in combination with physical exercises. The arterial oxygen saturation level was significantly higher after training due to increasing of pulmonary ventilation. Bu tthe tissue oxygen saturation level was lower due to decreased dissociation of oxyhemoglobin. Conclusions: hypoventilation breathing in combination with physical exercises has a significant regulatory impact on the human respiratory system. The indicator of «economization» of the coordinated work of cardiovascular and respiratory systems is the absence of the pulmonary ventilation increase against the decrease of the respiratory rate.