The development of modern sports is impossible without the use of innovative scientific and technical achievements and engineering developments.
The states, in which the presented approach is successfully implemented, take leading positions in international competitions. This thesis is based on the relationship between the quality indicators of athletes and the use by them of progressive tools and equipment in the training, as well as the most advanced clothing and footwear. At first glance, outfit in running sports can be considered as an insignificant factor that does not contribute to the competition results. Field-specific manufacturers use various engineering and technological resources available and contribute to the effective activities of the sports consumers.
There are certain discussions in professional running about an innovative topic — “technological doping”. Professionals involved in ensuring compliance with the rules and equal opportunities for winning in running competitions need special competences in information and digital technologies. Research with the use of specialized databases within the framework of intellectual property provides an opportunity to study innovative technical solutions introduced by manufacturers of sportswear and footwear.

Objective: prognosis of thromboembolic complications using clinical diagnostic markers.

Materials and methods. The study involved 151 patients who underwent total arthroplasty (TA) of large joints of the lower extremities. Blood serum was studied at the patient’s admission to the hospital, after surgery, and at discharge from the hospital. The following parameters were determined: cell-molecular marker vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a genetic study was performed using the “Plasma screen. Plasma factors of the blood clotting system”. The content of VEGF was determined in blood serum using solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The effectiveness of diagnostics based on sensitivity and specificity analysis was considered by constructing a ROC analysis at different points of separation of the values of the studied indicators.

Results. Diagnostic significance of VEGF and the efficiency of determining PAI-1 were determined. In patients with elevated VEGF values (>183.6 pg/ml), PAI-1 gene polymorphism was detected, which reduces the fibrinolytic activity of the blood system and increases the risk of coronary disorders. This is especially important for patients in a hospital with a large number of risk factors for the development of VTEC due to prolonged immobilization of the limb. The study made it possible to determine that with VEGF values up to 183.6 pg/ml, a low probability of thromboembolic complications is predicted, and with values above 183.6 pg/ml — high.

Conclusion. The course of DOA in athletes may be complicated by surgical intra-articular interventions of traumatological and orthopedic profile, which does not exclude the development of VTEO, significantly complicating drug therapy and the rehabilitation period. The presented data show that the determination of VEGF, 5G-675 4G polymorphism of the PAI 1 gene in blood serum can be used to assess the risk of venous thromboembolic complications (VTE), contributing to modern informative diagnostics, improving the quality of life of athletes and prolonging their sports career.

In our paper, we would like to present two cases of treatment of the Achilles tendon ruptures by means of surgical V-Y technique, and implementation of immediate rehabilitation and weight-bearing.
V-Y plasty on ruptured tendons was performed. The continuity of the tendon was restored. The sheath of the tendon was stitched together. Dressing was put on; the foot was immobilized in a Walker-type shoe in pes equinus with heel pads and compression underwear. From the first hour after the procedure, the wound area was cooled with a Game Ready device.
From the first day after the procedure, both patients were allowed to apply full weight to the limb in the shoe. The crutches were put away as soon as possible. Rehabilitation began right away on the next day; during its course, attempts were made to reduce the use of the shoe to a minimum and to achieve the full range of foot motion as soon as possible. In both patients, the full range of motion was reached approximately 2 weeks after the surgery.
The video support for the article is available at: https://youtu.be/bi3xuwOT9vs

Objective: to study the role of personal anxiety in the development of psychophysiological indicators in adolescent athletes.

Materials and methods. To study the prevalence of high levels of personal anxiety (hereinafter — LT), as well as to determine the characteristics of psychophysiological indicators, the study involved 23 teenagers — boys and girls who were representatives of different sports. Using the device for psychophysiological testing UPFT-1/30 “Psychophysiologist”, indicators of simple visual-motor reaction and the level of LT on the Spielberg scale were obtained. To assess the impact of changes in high LT levels on psychophysiological indicators, 14 adolescent athletes with a high level of personal anxiety were selected and then divided into 2 groups. The experimental group included adolescents who wanted to participate in an experiment on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to correct high LT levels; the control group included adolescents with high LT levels who were not trained in cognitive behavioral therapy techniques.

Results. Every third adolescent athlete had a high level of LT. Adolescent athletes with a high LT level, in contrast to adolescents with an optimal LT level, were less efficient, and, despite a shorter minimum reaction time, made more mistakes. The dynamics of psychophysiological indicators were observed both in the group with intervention and in the group where no cognitive behavioral therapy techniques were performed; however, after studying the difference in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system in the group where there was a change in LT, and in the group where LT either did not change or increased, we found positive changes. Changes in the LT level led to a decrease in the average reaction time, the minimum reaction time, and an increase in the level of stability of reactions.

Conclusions. A high level of LT affects the psychophysiological parameters of the central nervous system in adolescent athletes. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to normalize the LT level of adolescent athletes leads to an improvement in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system.

The article presents data from modern foreign and domestic scientific sources about the most common injuries when playing hockey, as well as measures to prevent injuries in this sport.

Objective: study of psychoemotional-volitional sphere and endothelium-dependent factors of cardiovascular risk, the level of performance and recovery time in athletes before and after a 2-month intake of a specialized athlete’s nutrition product (SANP) honey bar-candy “Gold F25 ApiSpeis Light”.

Materials and methods: the main group of 58 athletes (under the age of 18) used SANP for 2 months. Control group-1 included 32 schoolchildren and students, not athletes, to assess the age limits of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, blood composition and the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis in young athletes. The control group-2 included 30 young athletes under 18 years old without the use of SANP to compare the indicators in the main group before and after taking the honey bar. The psycho-emotional sphere was studied using the Spielberger-Hanin scale of anxiety and WAM testing: Well-being, Activity and Mood. In addition, the maximum achieved load, maximum oxygen consumption, time to reach the threshold of anaerobic metabolism, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, neurovegetative stress index and recovery time after exercise were determined. Also, tests with reactive hyperemia (TRH) and hyperventilation (TGV) on the brachial artery were performed to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vasoconstriction, conjunctival biomicroscopy on a slit lamp with calibrometry of arterioles and venules, general and biochemical blood tests.

Results: the normalization of situational anxiety, psychoemotional stress and hyperfunction of the sympathoadrenal system was established. There was a decrease in the levels of cortisol, neurovegetative stress index, improvement of well-being, activity and mood against the background of elimination of endothelial dysfunction, improved performance and reduced recovery time after work. The analysis of multiple canonical correlations revealed a close relationship between the psychoemotional state, endothelial dysfunction and microcirculation spasm (R = 0.86; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: it has been proven that a combination of increased situational anxiety, neurovegetative overexertion, hyperfunction of the sympathoadrenal system and endothelial dysfunction can form a spastic type of peripheral circulation and provoke the onset of arterial hypertension. It was found that the course intake of honey ingot has anti-stress, antioxidant, erythropoietic, vasodilating and antispastic effects, improves performance and recovery after stress. Ingot “Gold F25 ApiSpeis Light” is included in the FMBA Formulary as a specialized product for the nutrition of young athletes of the Russian national teams.

Objective: comparative analysis of body composition indicators obtained by two methods of data registration — anthropometry and bioimpedance measurement, and analysis of the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of football players in accordance with the playing role.

Materials and methods: аnthropometric measurements and bioimpedance studies of body composition were carried out in 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the second division professional football league. The average age of the athletes was 24.16 ± 0.87 years.

Results: the survey involved 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the professional football league of the second division. The average age of the players was 24.16 ± 0.87 years. When determining the composition of the body using two methods, it was found that the calculation method and the bioimpedance method give different results. On average, the calculation method shows higher indicators of body fat mass (%FBM = 18.9 ± 1.04) than the bioimpedance method (%FBM = 14.7 ± 0.76), the differences are significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences in muscle mass are insignificant — in terms of BIA %SMM = 47.06 ± 0.59, according to the calculation method %SMM = 47.0 ± 0.63 (the differences are unreliable, p > 0.05). There were no differences in the component composition of the body of football players depending on the game role. The topography of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes-football players has certain patterns, but does not depend on the playing role of athletes.

Conclusion: the analysis revealed differences in the body composition data of football players obtained using two registration methods. The data of the study can serve as model criteria for body composition and the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes for selection in football activities and for comparative characterization and discussion of the results of similar studies.

Objective: to reveal the frequency of deviations occurrence in individual biochemical indicators, which can be markers of hidden metabolicconditioned deviations in the health of athletes.

Materials and methods. Members of sports teams of Russia at the age of 16 to 38 years were examined. The total number of examined athletes was 5245: 3167 were male athletes and 2078 were female athletes. We studied 25 indicators of the biochemical composition of blood, showing latent metabolic disorders and the activity of its regulators, negative shifts in the functional state of individual physiological systems of the body and possible damage to tissues of individual organs.

Results. Reference ranges and their centile gradations were calculated on the basis of a large array of data for 25 biochemical parameters. The use of centile gradations in assessing the values of blood biochemical parameters, recorded during the current monitoring in athletes, makes it possible to establish the vector of their changes and timely make changes in the volume and orientation of training loads, as well as to reasonably develop individualized programs for the athlete’s metabolic support. The use of the centile approach and the formation on its basis of gradation scales for each of the studied blood biochemical parameters also made it possible to establish the percentage of persons with significant deviations in certain biochemical parameters among the studied sample of athletes, admitted to the training process within the framework of in-depth medical examinations (DMO).

Conclusion: such deviations from the norm may indicate hidden metabolic disorders that occur against the background of professional sports loads, and in the absence of timely compensation, they can lead to a breakdown in adaptation and the development of various metabolic-related pathologies

Objective: to investigate the characteristics of the distribution of pressure under the foot during walking in swimmers of various ages and experience.

Materials and methods. The study involved swimmers aged 11.4 ± 1.9 years, of both sexes, with at least 4 years of training experience (n = 23) and masters of sports in swimming, 19.3 ± 1.5 years old with 12.2 ± 1.3 years of experience (n = 23). The study used a podometric footscan® platform from RSscan company. Kinematic and dynamic parameters of pressure under the foot during natural walking were recorded. The focus was on the indicators of contact with the support in the zones of the metatarsal part of the foot. The peak pressure value in each metatarsal zone and the time to reach it were taken into account.

Results. In the course of the study, the order in which the maximum pressure under the metatarsal zones manifests was understood, which appeared in a sequence: fifth, fourth, first, third and second metatarsal zones. It was found that in young athletes the transverse arch of the foot during walking undergoes a relatively greater load than in older athletes. Moreover, relatively high values were noted in the zones of the second and third metatarsals in both age groups.

Conclusions: the swimmer’s foot experiences a significant professional transformation associated with specific sports activities, which dictates the need to introduce certain preventive and corrective measures into sports training.

Objective: study the duration of establishment of functional stability to non-specific stress in wrestlers.

Materials and Methods. Nineteen athletes in martial arts, mid-age 23 ± 3 years of age, participated in the study. The qualification level of the subjects ranged from first sport grade to Master of Sport. A series of sports training was organized within 4 weeks. Each train consisted of a smooth-running load of 40 minutes at a speed corresponding to the anaerobic exchange threshold (AET). The indicators of the duration of reaching the AET level by heart rate (HR), the power of the low frequency and high frequency component of the spectrum were analyzed.

Results. The effect of urgent adaptation, in the form of an extension of the duration the heart rate on the anaerobic threshold level from 29 to 32 mines and the increase in the regulation of vegetative nervous system by increasing the total power of the spectrum observed on the third day of the training cycle. From the third to ninth days of the study, fatigue occurs, as can be seen from the lowering of the anaerobic threshold time to 21 minutes, as well as the lowering of the high-frequency part of the vegetative nervous system regulatory spectrum. The emergency adaptation ends by 9 days of observation, after four high-intensity exercises, which manifests itself in stabilizing the regulation of the heart rate, vegetative nervous system goes from a reflex level to a lower one — a humeral metabolic level. The time to reach the HR in the aerobic threshold will stabilize at 21–23 minutes.

Conclusions. Functional stability to the non-specific aerobic load in the wrestlers emerged by the twentyseventh day of the study after ten highly intensive aerobic exercises, which confirmed by the results of the time dynamics of the tine of HR in aerobic threshold and analysis of spectrum results of HRV.