Objective: to study the effect of voluntary hypoventilation breathing on the functional state and physical working capacity of a person under various physical load on a bicycle ergometer to failure. Materials and methods: in the survey 14 young volunteers took part in the survey performing physical work on the bicycle ergometer to the point of refusal. Surveys were conducted 4 times: 2 times before training in voluntary hypoventilation breathing and 2 times after. Voluntary hypoventilation breathing was taught for 30 days. Breathing trainings aimed at forming a subject's narrowed breathing underlied the training of voluntary hypoventilation breathing. The subjects' condition was examined sequentially during rest, 60 W warm-up, physical load and recovery after the load. The physical load was at 120 W or 160 W. During work ECG was recorded in two leads: I standard and V5 thoracic. Simultaneously, a pneumogram and EMG from the quadriceps muscle of the right thigh was recorded. The time of physical work to failure was measured. Before and after the examination, the breath-holding time by inhalation was measured. Results: voluntary hypoventilation breathing increased the hypoxic stability and physical working capacity of the subjects at 120 W and 160 W loads. The greater the load, the shorter the time of physical work to failure. Refusal to continue physical work occurred immediately after overcoming the threshold of aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. In contrast to the 120 W physical load, the 160 W load is accompanied by a higher excitability of the ECG sinus node, slower intraventricular conduction, a higher level of sympathetic influences on the heart, but a better oxygen supply of the myocardium. Conclusions: the greater intensity of physical activity, the more pronounced adaptive shifts in the body of subjects under the influence of voluntary hypoventilation breathing.

Objective: to evaluate the functioning of gluthatione system (GS) in organism of swimmers during considerable endurance physical loads and to reveal the influence of nutritional factors on these features. Materials and methods: two groups of swimmers were studied. Sportsmen of the first group consumed «Sport nutrition product» (SNP) based on vegetable raw materials, obtained by cryogenic technology in addition to normal diet. In both groups the blood concentrations of reduced gluthatione (RG), oxidized gluthatione (OG), gluthatione reductase, gluthatione transferase, gluthatione peroxidase in blood were analyzed three times as well as parameters of cardio-vascular system and effectiveness of activity were examined. Results: low initial RG level was revealed in blood of swimmers. At the same time, RG/OG ratio was 25% lower than optimal in both groups. Towards the end of the study, the ratio significantly (50%) increased in group of sportsmen consumed SNP. The same dynamics was also observed by analyzing indices of effectiveness of activity and pulse rate. Conclusions: dynamics of examined parameters provided evidence that both intensity of physical load and peculiarities of nutrition status may influence on effectiveness of GS function in swimmers. SNP administration increased the effectiveness of activity, but a maximum effect was postponed and was observed in a month after cancelling of its administration.

Objective: to study the influence of physical loads on the physiological state of the athlete's body associated with the accumulation of endogenous toxins, to develop a method for reducing their concentration with the help of phytogenic sorbents. Materials and methods: preclinical studies were performed on mice of the species Mussp. Line CD-1 (n = 20) for 60 days. The animals were divided into experimental (n=10) and control group (n=10). Animals of the experimental group received biological product based on vegetable raw materials (lichen Cladonia and Rhodiola rosea) with gastric tube in the dose of 50 mg/kg daily, the control group received water. On day 30, the animals were tested for motor and research activity, and the lactate and urea concentrations in the blood were analyzed. Further clinical studies were conducted with the participation of athletes of the Russian national combat sport team (n = 10) during 30 days during sparring battles simulating competitive activity. Athletes were divided into two groups: experimental (n=5) and control (n=5). Athletes of the experimental group took a biological product based on vegetable raw materials (lichen Cladonia and Rhodiola rosea) in a dose of one capsule per os between meals, the control group received placebo (powder of ringer-Locke capsules), in the same terms in a similar way. Detoxification property of the biopreparation was assessed by the changing of the content of urea and blood lactate. To assess the degree of adequacy between physical loads and the functional state of the body, the urea concentration in the blood was also measured. Results: the level of blood lactate in animals of the control group on the 30th day of studies was 11,2 Mmol/l, and in the experimental group - 8,1 Mmol/l. The level of urea on the 60th day of studies in the control group increased by 0,4 Mmol/l, in the experimental group decreased by 1,9 Mmol/l. In athletes of the experimental group, the urea level in the blood increased from 4,2 to 6,2 mMol/l, remaining within the norm (6,4 Mmol/l), and in athletes of the control group, the same index was 9,4 Mmol/l. Conclusions: the combination of the results of preclinical and clinical studies allows us to conclude that the biological product based on plant raw materials possesses high sorption properties with respect to endotoxins of various nature and eliminates them from the body. Detoxification of the body of athletes has a positive effect on the tolerability of high loads, rapid recovery and improves training.

This review is devoted to the theory and practice of the use of glutamine dipeptides in sports. The pathway of L-Glutamine dipeptides is described from the moment of oral intake and entering the intestine to inclusion in intracellular metabolic processes of organs and tissues. The physico-chemical properties of L-Glutamine dipeptides are considered. Urgent effects of L-Glutamine dipeptides under conditions of physical stress and hydration stress, influence on motor and cognitive functions of athletes, positive influence on physical readiness of athletes for prolonged debilitating exercises, reduction of weight loss (rehydration) are described. Positive results of the study of the effect of oral administration of AH and electrolytes on the concentration of plasma electrolytes, physiological indices and neuromuscular fatigue in the process of endurance training, as well as neuroprotective and analgesic properties of L-Glutamine dipeptides are presented.

To improve the effectiveness of the fight against doping, it is necessary to assess the areas of risk of doping in various sports disciplines. Objective: to conduct a survey of Armenian athletes, to assess the impact of social variables on their attitude to the usage of doping, to identify areas of risk that require attention, and to assess beliefs about and attitude towards doping in different regions of Armenia and different sports. Materials and methods: 614 elite athletes (mean age - 19,9±2,6 years) included in this study represent track and field and weightlifting athletics, wrestling, boxing and etc. Results: based on the obtained results the decision was made to organize the education seminars for sports journalists. Athletes are greatly influenced by performances in which incompetent sports journalists never admit that the use of banned substances is immoral under any circumstances and always supports athletes who blame others of people. The results shown that Armenian athletes believe that they need to achieve their personal best without causing harm to their health. Conclusions: overall, the application of the WADA Social Science Research Package has provided valuable data on the current anti-doping situation, and also provided concrete directions for future efforts to reduce risk factors for doping.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes isn't a frequent event, but, nevertheless, deserves a lot of attention from both the scientific community and health care professionals, coaches and athletes. The literature review showed that the problem of SCD still remains relevant because of its close association with physical activity and the lack of united standards of its screening, diagnostic and prevention. It is shown that the frequency of SCD varies widely depending on the population of the athlete, age and genetic characteristics, controversial is the question of the necessity and scope of a standard pre-season screening.

Objective: efficacy evaluation of the method of dynamic musculofascial mobilization for restoration of myostatic reflex in athletes and sport veterans with musculofascial pain syndrome. Materials and Methods: 60 athletes and sport veterans aged from 20 to 50 years old with functional disorders of muscle tone, accompanied by myofascial pain syndrome and deformations of the contours of the body participated in the study. Questionnaires and examination scales clinically appropriated in neurology were used to assess the degree of clinical disorders. We examined and treated 36 patients with signs of humeroscapular periarthrosis, epicondylitis of the elbow, gonarthrosis and coxarthrosis of the 1-2 stage and 24 patients with vertebrogenic radicular neural symptoms. All patients were treated by dynamic musculofascial mobilization (DMFM) by deep mechanical effect on muscles and the fascial intermuscular septums during active contraction of patient’s agonistic and synergistic muscles. Results: 52 patients had complete recovery of physical activity with restoration of myostatic reflex of all muscle groups. 8 patients had the satisfactory result of treatment. Approximately half of treated patients during the 2^nd session had recovery of muscle tone of all previously identified hypotonic muscles. Conclusions: application of DMFM promotes active restoration of the myostatic reflex, reduction in the number of treatment sessions and their duration. The method of exposure is maximally simplified and can be performed by a specially trained nursing staff in terms of sports competitions.

Despite the success of multicentre molecular genetic studies in the field of hereditary neuromuscular diseases, the problem of complex treatment of this pathology remains relevant to this day. The main goal of therapy is to adapt patients to the disease, slowing progression and improving quality of life by increasing daily physical activity. This article describes features of clinical picture of Charcot-Marie-Tooth hereditary neuropathy and approaches to its rehabilitation. Authors show that the basis of physical rehabilitation is therapeutic physical culture, which should be used already at the preclinical stage of the disease development in order to reduce the rate of its progression. It is important that the process of rehabilitation of patients with Charcot-Marie-Toot hereditary neuropathy should continue throughout their life.

Objective: to analyze the modern features of the «athlete’s heart» in professional football and basketball players. Materials and methods: crosssectional study of morphological and electrocardiographic features of cardiac muscle in elite athletes - football (N=45) and basketball (N=20) players was performed. The resting ECG and echocardiography were provided. Results: the age of athletes was positively correlated with progressive thickening of ventricular myocardium (r=0.29, p=0.021 for LV and r=0.48, p<0.001 for RV), RV (r=0.46, p<0.001) and LA dilation (r=0.32, p=0.01); these changes were more significant in footballers compared to basketball players. Matching of morphological and electrocardiographic data contributes to a hypothesis of disproportion between anatomic and electric cardiac remodeling in athletes. Intraventricular conduction disturbances were more common in football players (42% vs. 15%, p<0.05). Conclusions: anatomic cardiac remodeling in footballers is more significant than in basketball players, unlike electric remodeling. Electric cardiac remodeling which can manifest with cardiac rhythm or conductivity abnormalities, appears regardless of age and signs of anatomic cardiac remodeling. In some cases these abnormalities coexist with structurally intact myocardium.

Research of energy supply of athletes’ muscles activity under various conditions helps to find out the power, capacity and mobility in its constituent. Objective: to evaluate aerobic lactate and alactate influence in the body power supply during standard training tests. Materials and methods: 30 athletes were included in the study and were examined by the following tests: the Wingate-test and Increasing test with the treadmill. Results: Wingate-test of energy consumption performance showed 154,8±4,37 kJ/min. It was taken for aerobic capacity 46,2±1,56 kJ/min, lactate - 50,6±1,8 kJ/min, alactate - 4,5±1,5 kJ/min of them. During the increasing test the body energy consumptions total amount compiled 682,3±32,62 kJ/min over rest level. There is no any statistically proved differences (p=0,82) between the quantity energy characteristics of lactate and alactate body capacity, and they are approximately less in 14 times compare to aerobic body capacity(596,2±30,67 kJ/min). Conclusions: Wingate-test studies indicated there is approximately equal constituents in energy consumptions: 32,6% aerobic, 35,7% lactate and 31,7% alactate, respectively. Lactate ability level in its prevalence shows statistical significant differences (p<0,05). The increasing test shows the aerobic capacity level domination in energy consumptions 87,4%, anaerobic capacity compiles 6,2% lactate and 6,4% alactate. Both tests show that alactate capacity has equal involvement in current activity (р=0,32). Length activity of the increasing testing leads to the reduced showings of maximum oxygen consumption. A high speed of aerobic capacity development permits to find out maximum aerobic capacity power in Wingate test.

Studying of muscular activity features, including degree of development of muscle strength of a leading hand and back, taking into account an orientation of training process defines regularities and features of diagnostics promoting control of adaptation of the leading systems of young athletes’ organism. Objective: to give a comparative assessment of strength indexes among pupils’ athletes of Uzbekistan depending on sports group and an experience of sports activities. Materials and methods: about 14000 pupils’ athletes at 11-17 years old living in Tashkent, Nukus, Samarkand, Gulistan, Qarshi and Urgench were examined. Based on anthropometrical parameters of physical development strength indexes were calculated. Results: the indices of boys athletes of Uzbekistan were following: small force of an arm was considered at strength index <30% of body weight, force is lower than average - from 30 to 41%, average force - from 42 to 64%, force is higher than average - from 65 to 74%, larger force - >74% of the weight. In girls: respectively <35% - small, from 35 to 39% - below average, from 40 to 51% - average, from 52 to 57% - above an average and >57% - larger force. Levels of an index of back strength in children athletes from 7 to 17 years were following: in boys - the weak back force was considered at back strength index <101% of the weight, force is lower than average - from 101 to 119%, average force - from 120 to 156%, force is higher than average - from 157 to 174%, larger force >174% of the weight; girls have small force of a back - <83% of the weight, force is lower than average - from 83 to 92%, average force - from 93 to 109%, force is higher than average - from 110 to 117%, larger force - >117% of the weight. Conclusions: reliable positive changes of a strength index of a hand have been revealed among the boys engaged in combat sport, team, complicated coordinating and cyclic sports for more than 1 year, and among the girls engaged in combat sport, acyclic and complicated coordinating sports. Back strength index is significantly higher among the boys engaged in combat sport, acyclic and complicated coordinating and administrative sports for more than 1 year, and among girls engaged in combat sport, acyclic and team sports. A high level of strength training of pupils is observed in these sports groups.

Objective: to detect the relationship between body types (somatotype) and successful passing of the standards of «Ready for Labor and Defense-2014» in students-boys of 18-20 years old. Materials and methods: the study involved 82 male students. The method of somatotyping by Dorokhov RN, Petrukhina VG (1989) was used to determine the body types. The overall and component level of variation was defined. We used the results of passing the test standards and compared them with data on the implementation of the norms of GTO in some types of tests: 100-meters race, 3000-meters race, pulling out from suspension on high bar, standing long jump using double-legged take-off. Results: the muscle mass dominates in all somatic groups, which corresponds to macromuscular type (0,509-0,799). The representatives of microsomatiс type have the highest results - 0.7. When comparing the results of tests of «pulling out from suspension on high bar» with the standards of GTO 2014 6 stage, the best results were found in microsomes group: 90.5% of the subjects completed the specification and received the gold badge, 4.8% of the subjects received the bronze badge, 4.8% of the subjects failed tasks. In mesosomes group only 60% of the subjects fulfilled the standard of «pulling-up» and received the gold badge, 33.33% of the subjects received the silver badge, 6.67% of the subjects did not fulfill the norm. While analyzing the results of «standing long jump using double-legged take-off» more successful results were obtained in the MaC group: 46.67% received the gold badge, 33.33% received the silver badge, 16.67% received the bronze badge, 3.33% did not fulfill the norm. Conclusions: assessing the anthropometric and functional parameters of the organism of students, it is necessary to consider not only the average age range, but also pay attention to the constitutional-typological features.

Ever-increasing prevalence of medical emergencies and sudden deaths of both adult and young athletes necessitates improvement in system of eligibility in sports. The current system involves two detailed medical screenings (DMS) of athletes every year that can be regarded only as a basic medical permission with a number of weak points due to the absence of adequate amount of data at initial screening in childhood. For greater efficiency the system should incorporate subsequent physical examination per differentiated protocols (according to the actual risk factors such as past medical history, injuries and their potential long-lasting consequences, nonfunctional overreaching etc.) with standard procedures of examination considering possible complications and also repeated participation evaluations (with emphasis on prevention of cardiac emergences) as the third stage in addition to DMS.

Objective: to evaluate medical effectiveness of innovative forms of healthy lifestyle development for students of VSMU on the basis of a comprehensive study of the health status and lifestyle of students during the implementation of a health-saving project based on the example of the work of the «AcademicHealthCenter». Materials and methods: to solve these tasks, a complex of medical-sociological (questionnaires), clinical-statistical, biochemical and instrumental research methods was used. The objects of the study were: health indicators, conditions of the educational process, the quality and lifestyle of students of VSMU named after BurdenkoN.N. 537 students took part in the survey. Results: conceptual model on formation of infrastructural, organizational and administrative reserves for improving the quality of preventive medical work in the youth environment was developed and tested using the example of the creation of the «Academic Health Center». Conclusions: the developed model allowed not only to change the technology of rendering medical aid to students, but also to save funds in conditions of a funding gap, improve quality and accessibility of medical services to a socially unprotected category of the population.