Objective: to study the impact of new specialized sports nutrition product with Siberian fir extract, superoxide dismutase, choline and oligomericproanthocyanidins on compensatory and adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, indicators of physical efficiency and psycho-physiological state in male rats during intense physical exertion. Materials and methods: experiments were performed on 40 male rats of the Wistar line. Control groups of animals received distilled water orally once a day every day for 21 days, experimental groups - the test product with dosage of 60 mg / kg. The experiments were performed in two stages. At the first stage the animals were subjected to exercise stress in form of a tail suspension, followed by jogging on a treadmill prior to failure on the 1st, 10th and 20th days of the experiment. Before and after the load, an electrocardiogram and a pneumogram were recorded. At the second stage the animals were subjected to swimming to failure with the subsequent measurement of grip strength on the 1st, 10th and 20th days of the experiment. On the 21st day of the experiment, after a swim test and measurement of the grip strength locomotor activity and navigational memory of the animals was evaluated. Results: animals receiving specialized nutrition had following features: a) after combined load included tail suspension and jogging on a treadmill a decrease of baseline values of breathing rate (BR) and heart rate (HR) and an increase of BR and HR after a physical load was observed by the 20th experimental day; B) the time of forced (limiting) swimming increased, and the locomotor activity and grip strength increased; C) a pronounced tendency to the time increment of entering the burrow was found, which indirectly indicated a decrease of the level of anxiety and an increase of the level of navigational memory. Conclusions: the effect of the tested specialized sports nutrition product was proved to enhance the compensatory abilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as for correction of indicators of physical efficiency and psycho-physiological state of male rats during intense physical exertion.

Data on nutrition of athletes of complex coordination sports are analyzed in the review. Some aspects of the metabolism of athletes of these sports are considered in accordance with the specifics of training and competitive loads used in the preparation of an athlete. The influence of some nutrients is discussed in order to get a high result from the training process by improving the physical performance of a person, taking into account the periods of the athlete's work (preparation for training, training, period between training). Based on the analysis of the literature, recommendations on the food and energy value of rations of athletes in complex coordination sports as well as recommendations for the distribution of nutrients, depending on the training process are given.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of bee products in correction of signs of fatigue during the recovery period in athletes of complex coordination sports. Materials and methods: 40 athletes of complex winter sports 15-21 years old (mean age - 19.05±3.42 years (M±m)) were examined: the main group (24 people) received 10% aqueous-alcoholic extract of bee moth larvae during 25 days of the recovery period; rantrol group (16 persons) received dry adsorbed royal jelly. The parameters of hematopoiesis, immune and hormonal status, physical working capacity were studied. Results: a decrease in the concentration of TNF-a and IL-4, and increase in IL-1ß and IL-6 within the reference values was established after the course of beekeeping products intake in both groups of athletes. The administration of the bee moth larva extract resulted in a decrease in the CIC (p = 0.010), an increase in the CD3 +, CD 19- lymphocytes (p = 0.028), CD3 +, CD4 + lymphocytes (p = 0.016), and signs of stimulation of erythropoiesis in the form of an increase in erythrocytes (p = 0.016) and reticulocytes (p = 0.027), as well as an increase in testosterone (p = 0.038) and physical performance (p = 0.041; p = 0.034), that was more pronounced in comparison with the royal jelly intake. Conclusions: the use of bee moth larva extract in the recovery period resulted in more significant improvement in the state of the oxygen-providing blood system, correction of the immunological imbalance and hormonal parameters of adaptation, and preservation of the level of physical fitness achieved in the competitive period in comparison with royal jelly.

Objective: to compare the strength of the hip muscles before and after a complex correction procedure for the neuromuscular apparatus of the lumbosacral spine and lower limb in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Materials and methods: 40 athletes 18-35 years old (mean age -27±6.5 years (M±m)) participated in a randomized control trial. Chondromalacia patellae confirmed by traumatologist was the inclusion criteria. Methods: isokinetic dynamometry. Results: an increase in the strength of the quadriceps muscle and the hamstring muscles at low, medium and high speeds of isokinetic dynamometry was registered after the course of treatment. The study group with exercises for stabilizing the lumbosacral spine and lower limb showed higher strength indices than the control group with exercises for training the muscles of lower limb alone. Conclusions: inclusion of complex correction procedure in the rehabilitation program for athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome in comparison with the traditional method of therapeutic gymnastics allows to increase the maximum arbitrary force and the endurance of the quadriceps, to improve the neuromuscular capabilities of the quadriceps.

Objective: to assess the influence of various physical exercises (running, skiing, swimming) on the health coefficient, physical fitness, physical status and efficiency of students in the process of physical training. Materials and methods: the study involved 45 students (boys) with average age of 19.46±1.51 years. The study was conducted on the basis of Novokuznetsk Institute (branch office) of the Kemerovo State University during the three years of students’ education in the discipline «Physical Training». Physical efficiency was assessed by Harvard step test and the calculation of the index of Harvard step-test (IHST) that included the control of heart rate (HR) during a recovery period after the subjects underwent a dosed physical exercise. Physical fitness of trial subjects was assessed with control tests to determine the degree of development of basic physical qualities. The health coefficient (HC) was the criterion of adaptation possibilities of the organism and was calculated by the heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (SBP, DBP), body mass (BM), growth (G) and age (A): HC=0.01HR+0,01SBP+0,008DBP+0,014A+ 0,009BM-0,009G-0,27. Physical status was evaluated (morphological and functional studies were performed, the results were assessed according to the following table of Apanasenko G. L., Naumenko R. G.). A comparative assessment of the influence of various physical exercises on the health coefficient, physical fitness, physical status and efficiency of students in the process of physical training was conducted. The method of mathematical statistics was also used. Processing and analysis of data was performed with generally accepted statistical methods taking into account gender and age of the students. Mean values (X) and standard deviation (a) was calculated. The statistical significance of differences was determined by Student's coefficient. Results: all exercises (running, skiing, swimming) have a healing effect on the human body. However, skiing has slightly higher effectiveness than swimming or track and field running. Conclusions: the development of physical qualities has a positive trend in all groups. Dynamics of physical status and efficiency in all studied groups is positive. The most effective physical exercises were found in health recreational skiing.

Objective: to study the possibilities of mathematic model (M/M) of time series (TS) of the heart rhythm (HR) during the loading period (LP) to discover the best prognostic markers of the physical exercise (PE) tolerance. Materials and methods: we examined a mixed population (68 persons) of apparently healthy youth at the age from 16-23 years old (mean age - 19±3 years (M±m)). M/M TS LP was calculated using the formula: Y=aX+b, where «a» and «b» refered to the model variability parameters, «X» was the serial number and «Y» was the R-R interval size. The results of ergometric stresstest including index of power of loading, HR and M/Mduringthefirst minutes of LP were analyzed with Spearman correlation. Results: markers of M/ MTS LP can be used for studying PE tolerance. PE’s power and its individual tolerance is determined by TS HR during early adaptation period (EAP). Markers of M/M EAP correlate with PE tolerance just as the average and the maximum value of heart rate defined for the entire LP. Conclusions: mathematic simulation of the time series of the HR EAP is promising for predicting the PE tolerance.

Objective: to study the effect of regular two-year training on the indicators of physical development, functional reserves and physical abilities of young swimmers with fins. Materials and methods: 30 swimmers 9-11 years old, swimming with fins, took part in the study. The study was conducted during a two-year macrocycle of the training process. Anthropometry was used to assess physical development. The evaluation of physical development was carried out by the index method. The status of the functional reserves was investigated using the following tests: standard test with breath-holding, Rouffier's test, determination of the total and individual working capacity. The development of physical abilities was determined by swimming the distance of 50 m, 400 m, long diving. Results: during the two-year regular training of young swimmers, a significant increase in the indices of physical development, functional reserves of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and indicators of physical abilities was recorded. Conclusions: study showed a significant increase in the indicators of physical development, functional reserves and physical qualities.

Objective: to analyze the parameters of the cardio-respiratory system in healthy students with different levels of habitual physical activity. Materials and methods: 106 students of Tula State University (61W, 45M, mean age - 22.9±0.4 years (M±m), mean body mass index 22.5±0.4 kg/m²) were included in the study. The observation time was one year. Colour Doppler Imaging echocardiography and respiratory function tests were provided. Duration of a breath-hold after deep inspiration and after exhalation was obtained. Self-reported questionnaire to examine level of habitual physical activity was completed in the same time. Results: 42% of students had low habitual physical activity, 32% visited fitness centers, swimming pools or participated in recreational sports games (medium habitual physical activity) and 26% engaged in sports not less than 8 hours per week (high habitual physical activity). The optimal LV relaxation existed in the group with medium habitual physical activity (mitral E/A ratio 1,76±0,08 versus 1,53±0,06 in the group with low and 1,70±0,07 06 in the group with high habitual physical activity). The rarest valve regurgitation and the lowest systolic pressure were obtained in the group with medium habitual physical activity. The diameter of the pulmonary artery positively correlated with level of habitual physical activity. The main parameters of respiratory function test increased due to the level of habitual physical activity. Exceeding of the normative indicators of respiratory test was noted only in the group with high physical activity. Results of duration of a breath-hold after deep inspiration and after exhalation closely correlated with echocardiography and respiratory test. Conclusions: adaptive changes due to physical activity increase the functional abilities of the cardio-respiratory system in healthy students. Optimal echocardiography parameters were found in the group with moderate physical activity. Breast Holding Test showed a connection with intracardiac hemodynamics and respiratory function and may be widely used for screening examinations.

Objective: to identify the most frequent internal risk factors for chronic and acute injuries of musculoskeletal system in young track and field athletes. Materials and methods: 33 track and field athletes (runners and long jumpers) aged from 11 to 17 years old were examined. Following parameters were assessed: ankle extension, flexion, pronation and supination; tonus of hamstring and flexibility of its tendons; tonus of iliopsoas muscle and rectus femoris; data from digital photometric plantography. Results: the following frequency of functional disorders of musculoskeletal system of the examined athletes was found: impairments of ankle extension degree, enhanced foot supination, enhanced foot pronation, forefoot valgus, great tonus of hamstring, low proprioceptive sensibility. The identified functional disorders of musculoskeletal system (and lower limbs in particular) may result in its subsequent chronic and acute injuries. Conclusions: biomechanical basis for impairments of musculoskeletal system in athletes (including runners for different distances) is attributable to their sports activities in childhood and adolescence. Scope of measures preventing chronic overexertion and acute injuries of musculoskeletal system should be developed from the early start in particular sports and according to internal and external risk factors.

Objective: to determine the structure and the level of physical activity of sedentary children, and those, who practice sports. Materials and methods: the study included 514 children, including 237 girls and 277 boys 7-18 years old (mean age - 14±0.25 years (M±m)) from regular school, academic lyceum and vocational lyceum in Tashkent. Participants were interviewed with a questionnaire to identify sports that they were engaged in and sports that they would like to be engaged in. To determine the level of physical activity we analyzed the participation time records (for 8-9 people in each age and gender group). All examined children were divided into 2 groups: 1st group - who regulary practice sports; 2nd group - sedentary children. Results: 43.8% of participants were engaged in sports, and the boys were involved in sport 2.4 times more often than girls. The majority of boys were engaged in different types of martial arts, coordination and team sports; the majority of girls was engaged in coordination and strength and power sports. Conclusions: more than half of children-athletes, in addition to the main type of sports, would like to have another kind of sport activity to train other muscle groups. 78.1% of children not involved in sports would like to visit the sports section. The duration of physical activity met the requirements only in male athletes.

Objective: to identify the dominant groups of risk factors when practicing fitness physical activities. Materials and methods: analysis of 110 websites of local fitness centres, workout facilities, sports clubs, wellness studios, dancing schools, fight clubs, Yoga centres etc. Results: the analysis revealed that modern fitness industry involves a wide range of additional risk factors (scarcely ever considered) in addition to conventional reasons for potential medical problems with enhanced physical activity. The focus points are as follows: lack of medical permission to participation in sports activities; specific motivation of fitness-goers in the vast majority of cases; progressive convergence of strength fitness programs with particular strength sports; wide use of a variety of means and methods (typically in strength programs) classified as doping; exercise loads along with health-promoting activities (each characterized by distinct physiological price); frequent combination of physical exercise with pathogenic nutrition and water consumption violation; etc. Conclusions: only a few trends of the analyzed fitness programs were considered to be actually health-improving ones (with correct biomechanics and competent dosing of exercises). Realization of other programs may have a number of negative consequences, especially for persons with border-line states of health. Some of trends in fitness are in greatest possible convergence with professional commercial sport where health of athletes occupies one of the last places in the list of priorities. Consideration of the identified risk factors dictates the need for a broad range of measures to prevent emergencies and sudden deaths in amateur athletes.

Objective: to analyze changes of health indicators of athletes with physical impairments in Para cross-country skiing and Para biathlon, depending on the period of training, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the recovery period on the basis of the results obtained. Materials and methods: 11 Para cross-country skiers and Para biathletes, members of the Russian national team (mean age of 29,5±2,6 years) of «standing» category were examined. The step-up test was used to perform the ultimate muscular work to «failure» on the running treadmill HP Cosmos. Duration of each stage was 3 min, the load capacity of men and women - 100W - 150W - 200W - 250W or more (web speed of 9.0 - 10.2 - 12.8 - 14.4 km/h and etc) at each stage, lifting blade angle - 1C. VO2max was carried out by a gas analyzer - Oxycon Pro (ERICH JAEGER GmbH, Germany). Results: in the early precompetitive period of 2013 the expected growth of performance was observed. A decrease in the indexes of aerobic capacity of athletes indicated a correctly designed training schedule in accordance with basic principles of training loads increasing. The analysis of the recovery in the post-Paralympic period of 2014 showed a significant decrease in the overall duration of the test, a deeper decline in the functional reserves of athletes in comparison with the pre-competition period, and lack of dynamics in indicators characterizing aerobic capacity. These changes revealed an inefficiency of the recovery post-Paraympic period despite the increase in the VO2max values. Conclusions: the identified indicators pointed at incomplete recovery of cross-country skiers and biathlets in the «standing» category. Registered pronounced cumulative training effect indicates the existing potential of cross-country skiers and biathletes with physical impairments to develop the fundamental characteristics of endurance sports.

Objective: system analysis of human sports activity and anaerobic threshold definition in the system activity categories. Materials and methods: 10 male volunteers participated in the study; they were offered a step-by-step graduated exercise on the veloergometer up to failure. The power of the first stage was 60 W, and the power of the subsequent stages was sequentially increased by 20 W until the subject failed. The duration of exercise was 2 min at each stage, and the pedaling speedwas constant. Before the examination an experimenter gave a verbal instruction to the subject, assessed his level of motivation. Subject’s heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and pedaling speed was recorded at the each stage. The vegetative index of Kerdo, stroke volume and cardiac minute volume was estimated by calculation. The concept of systemic quantization of behavior by K.V. Sudakov was used for a system analysis of sports activity. Results: the energy metabolism changed from aerobic to anaerobic at the stage of 160 W defined as threshold power. This power was the most optimal power when result could be achieved, because expected interim result was achieved in presence of maximum «physiological price». Minimizing of the index of regulator efficiency at this stage confirmed that fact. We believe that the basis is the optimization of systemic organization of functions. Conclusions: a sign of the anaerobic threshold is the achievement of a result of sport activity in presence of high «physiological price».